تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية

1. تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية Islamic Architecture History

2. Sultan Ahmed Mosque

3. Sultan Ahmed Mosque • Sultan Ahmed mosque was built During the rule of Ahmed between 1609 and 1616 AC. Designed by architect Moehmmed Aga the famous architectafter Sinan Pasha and Dawood Agha. and is considered to be the last example of classical Ottoman architecture • The design of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque is the culmination of two centuries of bothOttoman mosque andByzantine church. • It incorporates some Byzantine elements of the neighboringHagia Sophiawith traditional Islamic architecture and is considered to be the last great mosque of theclassical period • The architect has ably synthesized the ideas of his master Sinan, aiming for overwhelming size, majesty and splendor العظمة, but the interior lacks his creative thinking

4. Sultan Ahmed Mosque • The mosque is located south of Sofia, and east of Byzantine racing square, and is surrounded by a high wall on three sides • The wall has five entrances, three of which lead to the court and two to the mosque prayer hall. • The largest entrance which leading to the courtyard, is the one mediating the west facade, showing the vulnerability and the techniques of Iran and the other two smallest entrances has the same pattern • The court is large open square, and surrounded by four Rewaqs over granite columns with marble capitals with pendentives and covered with about thirty small dome • At the center of the courtyard there is hexagon shape ablution loaded over six columns.

5. Sultan Ahmed Mosque • The inner of the mosque is rectangle, 72 m long and 64 m wide centered by large dome loaded on four pointed arches, lean on the huge backs of four cylindrical columns with cavities • The dome flanked by four half-domes, one in each direction and other four in small domes at the corners •  Three rewaqs surround the court of the mosque and is based on high columns. • Windows located In the domes and walls bring more light and the splendor • walls covered with blue and green mosaics. • The mihrab and the pulpit are from ornamented marble, and flanked by two large wax • the mosque has six elegant high minarets. • the mosque followed by tomb with hall covered with Dome , library, school, restaurant for poor, bath and the poor and a hospital looks like, the mosque of Muhammad Ali in Egypt

6. The Exterior • It used large quantities of materials for the construction, in particular stone and marble • The layout of the mosque is irregular, as the architect had to take into account the existing constraints of the site. • Its major façade, serving as the entrance, faces the hippodrome. • The prayer hall is topped by an ascending system of domes and semi-domes, each supported by three exedrae, culminating in the huge central dome, which is 23.5 m in diameter and 43 m high at its central point. • The domes are supported by four massive piers that recall those of the Selimiye Mosque. • The overall effect of the exterior on the visitor is one of perfect visual harmony, leading the eye up to the peak of the central dome. • The façade of the spacious forecourt was built in the same manner as the façade of the Süleymaniye Mosque, except for the addition of the turrets on the corner domes.

7. The court is about as large as the mosque itself and is surrounded by a continuous vaulted arcade • It has ablution facilities on both sides. • The central hexagonal fountain is rather small in contrast with the dimensions of the courtyard. • The monumental narrow gateway to the courtyard stands out architecturally from the arcade. • A heavy iron chain hangs in the upper part of the court entrance on the western side. Only the sultan was allowed to enter the court of the mosque on horseback.

8. The Interior • The mosque has been designed so that even when it is at its most crowded, everyone in the mosque can see and hear the Imam. • At its lower levels and at every pier, the interior of the mosque is lined with more than 20,000 handmade ceramic tiles, in more than fifty different TULIP designs. It were made under the supervision of the master potter Kaşıcı Hasan,and Mustafa Mersin Efendi • The tiles at lower levels are traditional in design, while at gallery level their design becomes flamboyant متوهج with representations of flowers, fruit and cypresses. • the tiles used later in building were of lesser quality. Their colours have faded and changed (red turning into brown and green into blue, mottled whites) and the glazes have dulled. • The upper levels of the interior are dominated by blue paint, but it is of poor quality.

9. More than 200 stained glass windows admit natural light, assisted by chandeliers. • On the chandeliers, ostrich eggs بيض النعامةto avoid the spiders العنكبوت. • The decorations include verses from the Qur'an, • The floors are covered with carpets. • The many windows confer a spacious impression الشعور بالرحب والاتساع. • The windows at floor level are decorated and Each exedra has five windows, some of which are blind. • Each semi-dome has 14 windows and the central dome 28 (four of which are blind). Most of these coloured windows have by now been replaced by modern versions with little or no artistic merit. • The coloured glass for the windows was a gift from Venice to the sultan. • The most important element in the interior of the mosque is the mihrab, made of finely carved and sculptured marble, with a stalactite niche and a double inscriptive panel above it.

10. The adjacent walls are sheathed in ceramic tiles and to the right of the mihrab is the richly decorated minber, or pulpit • The royal kiosk is situated at the south-east corner. It comprises a platform, and two small rooms. These rooms became the headquarters of the Grand Minister during the suppression of the rebellious Corps in 1826. • The royal loge (mahfil) is supported by ten marble columns. It has its own mihrab, that used to be decorated with a jade rose and gold and one hundred Qurans on inlaid and gilded lecterns ارفف • The lamps that light the interior was once covered with gold and gems الحجر المرصع • Among the glass bowls one could find ostrich eggs and crystal balls. All these decorations have been removed or pillaged for museums. • The great tablets on the walls are inscribed with the names of the caliphs and verses from the Quran, but they have frequently been restored..

11. The Minaret The Sultan Ahmed Mosque is one of the two mosques in Turkey that has six minarets, the other is in Adana. Four minarets stand at the corners of the mosque. Each of these fluted, pencil-shaped minarets has three balconies while the two others at the end of the forecourt only have two balconies. Until recently the muezzin had to climb a narrow spiral staircase five times a day to announce the call to prayer. Today a public address system is used The great tablets on the walls are inscribed with the names of the caliphs and verses from the Quran, originally by the great 17th-century calligrapher Ametli Kasım Gubarım, but they have frequently been restored..

21. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية