11/4 Focus:

1. 11/4 Focus: • The strong central governments and thriving economies of industrialized nations gave them the confidence to expand through imperialism. • Important Terms: • Do Now: • Identify three motiving factors for European countries that led them to try and spread their influence over Asia and Africa.

2. Quarterly Test Review Test Review

3. Enlightenment • Ideas opposed absolute monarchy • Influenced by the Scientific Revolutions use of reason and natural law • John Locke believed all people had natural rights of Life, Liberty, and property; gov’t protects peoples basic rights and if not can be overthrown; influenced Jefferson and the writing of the Declaration of Independence

4. Enlightenment • Montesquieu: separation o powers and 3 branches of government • Voltaire: Freedom of speech and press; religious freedom and toleration • Rousseau: supported the statement that all men are created equal; people make agreement to follow the “general will”

5. According to John Locke, the chief role of government was to: • Protect natural rights • Fight territorial wars • Ensure the wealth of citizens • Redistribute land

6. Which idea became a central belief of the Enlightenment? • The use of reason would lead to human progress. • Mathematics could be used to solve all human problems. • The ancient Romans had the best form of government. • People should give up their natural rights to their rulers.

7. Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Rousseau’s The Social Contract, and Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws were works written during which time period? • Middle Ages • Renaissance • Enlightenment • Reformation

8. Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that society could best be improved by: • relying on faith and divine right • borrowing ideas from ancient Greece and Rome • applying reason and the laws of nature • studying the practices of successful leaders ruling cities of 100,000 to 300,000 people

9. The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu most influenced: • the growing power of priests in the Roman Catholic Church • improvements in the working conditions of factory workers • the rise of industrial capitalism • movements for political reform

10. The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the power of government is derived from: • divine right ruler • the middle class • a strong military • those who are governed

11. Causes of the French Revolution • The wars and debt of Louis XIV • Weak leadership of Louis XVI • inequalities in the tax structure • Third Estate paid ALL the taxes, First and Second paid no taxes • Inspired by the American Revolution and Enlightenment

12. Robespierre and the Reign of Terror • After a few years of an unstable gov’t theradicalJacobin Club comes to power • Robespierre and other radicals started Reign of Terror • Committee of Public Safety • purged and violently killed his opponents (anti-revolutionaries) • Reign of Terror endedafter Robespierre’s death

13. Napoleon • Nationalist leader that provided stabilityfor France • Created the Napoleonic Code-codified laws of France; included enlightenment ideas but limited some freedoms • Expanded the French Empire (1799-1815) with the Napoleonic Wars • Continental System-countries could not trade with Britain • Finally defeated in Russia because of the harsh winterand large size • loss at the Battle of Waterloo ended the Age of Napoleon • Followed by the Congress of Vienna • Increased Nationalismand spread ideals of the revolution through Europe

14. What was a major cause of the French Revolution? • inequalities in the tax structure • economic success of mercantilism • failure of the Congress of Vienna • Continental System in Europe

15. Which factors protected Russia from control by Napoleon’s army? • religious and cultural similarities • industrialization and modernization • geographic size and location • political and economic instability

16. Which geographic factor in Russia played a role in Napoleon’s defeat in 1812 and Hitler’s defeat at Stalingrad in 1943? • Siberian tundra • Caspian Sea • arid land • harsh climate

17. Which description most accurately describes the Reign of Terror • limited the power of absolute leaders • illustrated the power of public opinion in forming national policy • established social stability and economic growth • used violent methods to eliminate their opponents

18. Which document created during the French Revolution expressed reflected enlightenment ideas of natural law? • The Magna Carta • The Petition of Right • The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen • The Declaration of Independence

19. Which European ruler was most responsible for stirring nationalistic feelings across Europe and Latin America • King Louis XVI • George Washington • Czar Alexander II • Napoleon

20. Latin American Revolutions • Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spread from Europeand the United Statesto Latin America • Inspired by the American and French Revolutions • Enlightenment ideas • Nationalistic feelings

21. Latin American Revolutionary Leaders • Lead liberation movements in their countries • Encouraged nationalistic feelings within their countries • Haiti- Toussaint L’ Ouverture • South America- Simon Bolivar • South America- Jose de San Martin • Mexico-Miguel Hidalgo

22. 1) Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, and Toussaint L’ Ouverture are best known as: • Scientists who supported the heliocentric theory • Leaders of the Latin American Independence movements • Early Spanish explorers • Communist leaders of the 19th century

23. 2) The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were both major influences on 19th century uprisings in: • Latin America • The Middle East • Austria • Japan

24. Congress of Vienna/ Nationalism Matching • Nation State- I • Zollverein-G • Sovereignty-E • Autonomy-A • The Sick Man of Europe-B • Blood and Iron-F • Liberalism-C • Self Determination-K • Conservatism-J • Balkans-D • Kaiser-H

25. Educated middle class and merchants strong nationalistic feelings Saw Congress of Vienna as a success Usually nobles & wealthy landowners European Ideologies Conservatism Liberalism Set of beliefs that wanted to preserve traditional ways Supported traditional monarchs Opposed to the power of monarchs Supported Democratic reforms

26. Successful Unsuccessful 1830 France Greece Belgium Italy Germany Liberalism New Revolutions in Europe Nationalism 1848 France Austria Italy Germany

27. Strengthen countries around France Prevent future French aggression Re-drew boundaries of Europe Restored European monarchs to their thrones To return France and Europe to the way it was before Napoleon Created the Concert of Europe: an organization to maintain peace Protect the new system and prevent future wars

28. Restored European monarchs Impact of the Congress of Vienna Revolutionaries angered by restoration of monarchies Revolutions develop within European nations Maintained peace between European nations Nationalism grows in areas under foreign control Redrew European borders

29. Sources of Nationalism in Europe Strong sense of national unity in France French Revolution and War Increased nationalism among people conquered by Napoleon Napoleon & Napoleonic Wars Nationalism among people placed under foreign rule Congress of Vienna

30. Prince Metternich Austria Giuseppe Mazzini Camillo Cavour Italy Italy Leader of the nationalist Red Shirts; gained control of Southern Italy; United S. Italy with N. Italy Leader of German Unification movement; master of realpolitik, developed “Blood and Iron” policy Germany

31. Nationalism • Nationalism can be a unifying force • Nationalism can be a force that separates Tensions between different groups of people lead to conflicts which divide an empire • Unified people of a similar heritage Italy Germany Austrian Empire Ottoman Empire