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The Jewish Historical Narrative

The Jewish Historical Narrative. From Abraham to Aelia Capitolina 4 kingdom pic. Israel. Small Land of Large Conflicts. Exile. Northern Kingdom - Assyria 722 BC Southern Kingdom - Babylon 586 BC. Palestine Under Persian Rule 538–332 BC.

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The Jewish Historical Narrative

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  1. The Jewish Historical Narrative • From Abraham to Aelia Capitolina • 4 kingdom pic

  2. Israel • Small Land of Large Conflicts

  3. Exile • Northern Kingdom - Assyria • 722 BC • Southern Kingdom - Babylon • 586 BC

  4. Palestine Under Persian Rule538–332 BC • Cyrus the Great - conquered Babylon allowed Israel to return to land • Isa 45:1 - the Anointed One • Temple–515 BC • Law • Wall–444 BC • Beginnings of.... • Oral law • Aramaic • Synagogues

  5. Palestine Under Greek Rule332–167 BC • Philip of Macedon • Alexander the Great - conquered • land from Greece to India • culture • philosophy • education • buildings • language • religion

  6. Alexander’s EmpireFrom Greece to India

  7. Palestine Under Greek Rule • Ptolemies (320–198 BC) • Taxation • Septuagint (LXX)

  8. Palestine under Greek Rule • Seleucids (198–167 BC) • Antiochus III • Antiochus IV Epiphanies • High Priesthood • Jason • Menelaus • Problems • Jason • Rumor of Death • Abomination (167)

  9. Palestine Under Maccabean Rule167–63 BC • Mattathias • Hasidim - pious • Judas Maccabeus • Temple 164 • Alliance with Rome 161

  10. Jonathan (160–143 BC) • no taxes • control of High Priesthood • Simon (143–134 BC) • complete autonomy • general, king, High Priest • John Hyrcanus (135-104 BC) • expansion • Alexander Janneaus (103–76 BC) • trouble with Pharisees • Salome (76–67 BC) • Aristobulus vs. Hyrcanus II • Pompey chooses Hyrcanus II (63 BC)

  11. These coins followed the iconoclastic laws of Judaism by avoiding representations of people, animals, or deities. Instead, they featured symbols like palm trees, pomegranates, stars, cornucopias, and representations of the temple. This coin from the reign of the Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus features an anchor and an eight pointed star, both common motifs for Judean coins. Alexander Jannaeus coin, ca. 103-76 BC

  12. Palestine under Roman Rule(63 BC–135 AD) The Herods - • Antipater - Idumean • Supports Hyrcanus II • Supports Julius Ceasar • made Chief Tax Magistrate of Judea • appoints sons as governors: Phasel over Jerusalem, Herod over Galilee • Parthian Invasion • Herod the Great • Archelaus, Philip, Antipas

  13. Herod the Great • Declared King by Rome in 40 BC • Takes Jerusalem in 37 BC • Negatives • Positives

  14. Sons of Herod the Great • Archelaus - King from 4 BC to 6 AD (green) • Philip - Tetrarch in the Northeast (orange) • Antipas - Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea (purple)

  15. Left: Coin of Herod Archelaus, ca. 4 BC- 6 AD. This coin depicts a cluster of grapes and a military helmet. The Greek text reads “Herod the Ethnarch.” Grapes are a common Jewish symbol depicting the fertility of the land, but the helmet is a Hellenistic symbol. Right: Coin of Pontius Pilate, ca. 29-32 AD. This coin depicts the lituus, a wooden staff used by Roman priests to invoke the gods. The other side depicts a laurel wreath, which is a sign of victory and power. The iconography of this coin demonstrates a shift from Jewish iconography to Roman symbols

  16. Roman Governors6 – 66 AD • Pontius Pilate (26–36 AD) • Cumanus (48–52 AD) • Florus (64–66 AD)

  17. First Jewish Revolt:Pathway to War • Stop sacrifice for the Emperor • Gain control of Temple complex and Antonia fortress • Defeat Cestius, General in Syria • Nero chooses Vespasian as General • Conquers the North by 67 • Becomes Emperor in 69

  18. Rebels vs. Aristocrats • Factions: John of Gishgala, Simon Bar Giora, and Eleazar • Titus takes his father’s place • Tisha B’Av in 70 AD the Temple falls • Masada captured in 74 AD

  19. The First Jewish Revolt66 – 70 AD

  20. Second Jewish Revolt132 –135 AD • Under Emperor Hadrian • Simon bar Kosiba/ Simon bar Kochba defeated by Romans • Aelia Capitolina • Jews outlawed from Jerusalem

  21. Bibliography • VanderKam, James C. An Introduction to Early Judaism. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2001. • Smallwood, Mary. The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian: A Study in Political Relations. Boston: Brill, 2001. • Cohen, Shayne J. D. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987.

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