Molecules of Life

1. Molecules of Life

2. Organic Compounds:Molecules containing the element of carbon and at least one hydrogen atom. • Chemistry of Carbon Atoms • Carbon atoms form chains • Carbon chains are backbone for molecules of life Functional Groups: particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.

3. Organic Molecules Contain Carbon and often hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms Everything here is organic …..oops except for the bottle

4. Biologically Important Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons – C, H Carbohydrates – C, H, O Proteins – C, H, O, N, S Lipids – C, H, O Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P

5. Hydrocarbons contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

6. H C Hydrogen atom Carbon atom

7. H CH4 H C H H Methane = simple hydrocarbon

8. A simple organic molecule with 1 Carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms Energy released when hydrogen separated from carbon during burning

9. Ethane Examples of Hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen) Propane

10. Butane Hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen)

11. Gasoline Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon

12. Monomers Dimers Polymers

13. What are monomers? Monomers = small molecules linked together to form chains. What are polymers? Polymers = monomers linked together in chains . Poly = many mer = parts or units Polymer = many parts linked together ?

15. Like monomers Like a polymer

16. Dimer & Polymer formation (Monomer A) (Monomer B) OH HO Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting) HOH (Monomer A) (Monomer B) Monomer A O dimer = two monomers

17. Biologically important organic compounds Carbohydrates Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

18. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides = sugar Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Dissaccharides Ex. Sucrose Polysaccharides Ex. Starch and Glycogen (long chains of glucose molecules)

19. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells CARBOHYDRATES Function: quick energy structural support Characteristics: H – C – OH ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 1:2:1 Monomer is the monosaccharide

20. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

21. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

22. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

23. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Starch is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in plants. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose - used for storage. It is found in plants. We cannot digest cellulose!

24. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Glycogen is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in animals.

25. Biologically important organic compounds Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (Sulfur) Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

26. PROTEINS: Structure and Function of proteins controls structure and function of all life

27. Proteins Amino Acids Dipeptide Polypeptide or Protein

28. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Characteristics The monomer form is called an an amino acid. A central or alpha carbon which is connected to the following: amino group carboxylic acid group hydrogen R-group

29. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

30. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

31. These 20 different amino acids are analogous to an alphabet with 20 letters Each letter can be put together in any order, for any length to form an infinite number of proteins (words)

32. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins What process do you use to form a peptide bond? NCC – NCC – NCC- NCC - NCC

33. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Functions Structural – bones, muscles, collagen Enzymes – proteins which speed up chemical reactions Transportation – hemoglobin within your red blood cells transports oxygen to all parts of your body Protection – antibodies enable you to fight off infections MORE MORE MORE!

34. Biologically important organic compounds 56 Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

35. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS Function: long term energy storage insulation protective cushion forms cell membranes hormones Characteristics: do not dissolve in water no simple monomer structure Types Fats and Oils Phospholipids Steroids

36. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Phosopholipid

37. 58 Fatty acid glycerol Lipids (fats) = polymers made of monomers called fatty acids and glycerol

38. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Fats and Oils Triglyceride What atoms are these molecules made of? Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

39. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Triglycerides Saturated fats – no double bonds exist in the fatty acid tails Unsaturated fats – have at least one carbon – carbon double bond in any of their fatty acid tails What is the difference between oil and butter?

40. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

41. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Other Lipids Steroids are lipids which possess a “ringed” structure Cholesterol is a major component of the cell’s plasma membrane (structural function), but it is also the precursor for the key hormones testosterone & estrogen

42. Proteinsas Enzymes

43. Models of Enzymes

44. How do enzymes work???

45. The Role of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex

46. EA barrier Enzyme Reactants Products 1 2 Figure 5.5A Jumping-bean analogy for energy of activation (EA) and the role of enzymes ENERGY LEVEL Progress of reaction or time

47. Enzyme A Enzyme B Rate of reaction 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (C) Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity

48. Optimal temperature for enzyme of thermophilic Optimal temperature for typical human enzyme (heat-tolerant) bacteria Rate of reaction 100 60 0 80 40 20 Temperature (Cº) (a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes Optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme) Optimal pH for trypsin (intestinal enzyme) Rate of reaction 4 1 0 7 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 pH Optimal pH for two enzymes (b) Optimal pH for two enzymes Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity

49. Biologically important organic compounds Contain Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphate Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

50. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids • Function: • make up genes which store all of the information about an organism • energy currency of the cell • Characteristics: • monomer is a nucleotide • 5- carbon sugar • phosphate group • 1 of 5 nitrogenous bases • (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, or uracil)