Idle Reduction: Saving Fuel, Reducing Emissions, and Improving Health

2. Introduction • EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful emissions • Health and environmental effects of hydrocarbon fuel combustion • Idle reduction • Immediate savings after implementation • Reduced consumption of foreign oil

3. Lesson 1: Introduction to Idle Reduction

4. Objectives • Describe what idle reduction is • Explain the basic history of idle reduction strategies and technologies • Describe how implementing idle reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment • Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction • Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it

5. Definition of Idle Reduction • Petroleum and emissions reduction technologies and strategies • Idle = speed at which ICEs rotate under no throttle or load • Tachometer displays engine speed (600-1,000 rpm) • Smooth engine operation during acceleration from stop and adequate oil pressure

6. Transportation and convenience idling • Technologies, policies, strategies to reduce engine idle time • Strategies and technologies to reduce both transportation and convenience idling Figure 1: The engine tachometer showing a vehicle’s idle speed. Source: NAFTC.

7. Idling a vehicle may allow for the comforts of heat or A/C and the operation of accessories such as radios or other multimedia, but when your vehicle is idling, your fuel economy when not in motion is 0 mpg.

8. Basic History of Idle Reduction • ICEs in use since the early 20th century • Old = mechanical carburetors/fuel pumping systems • New = electronic throttle, high pressure fuel system, electronic fuel injection • Idling vehicles produce no propulsion but still consume fuel and produce emissions

9. Pre-heating, pre-cooling for comfort • Idling while waiting for traffic, etc. • Load from accessories • Long-haul trucks may idle up to 300 nights a year • Non-driving time requirements

10. Policies for Idle Reduction • U.S. EPA emissions and CAFE fuel economy standards • More attention is being paid to emissions produced from idling • Federal tax exemptions for heavy-duty trucks • New vehicles and aftermarket products • Clean Cities program, SmartWay Transportation, Clean School Bus USA partnership, and others

11. Figure 2: States that have policies or incentives to implement idle reduction technologies. Source: AFDC.

12. State enacted policies and idle limitations • Local and city government regulations • School bus emissions at idle • Amount of fuel used per idle time • Reduced idling = immediate fuel savings Figure 3: School bus at idle, consuming fuel and producing emissions. Source: EPA.

13. Idling a car for one hour consumes about one gallon of fuel. Source: http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/idling.html.

14. Idle Reduction Today • Cleaner, healthier planet • Improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions • Innovative technologies, specialized technicians • Technologies and strategies implemented by both manufacturers and consumers

15. Consumer Idle Reduction Strategies • Any reduction in idle time can save fuel and reduce emissions • Idling during in-city driving • Avoiding congested areas • Limit idle time for convenience • Immediate fuel savings

16. Manufacturer Idle Reduction • New technologies, improved fuel economy, and reduced emissions • Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicle fuel savings • Idle shutoff functions, mild hybrid technologies • APUs for long haul trucks • TSE implementation Figure 4: Driver in a long haul truck utilizing a type of TSE. Source: IdleAir.

17. Truck idling uses approximately 3 billion gallons of fuel per year Approximately 1 billion gallons for overnight idling Roughly 2 billion gallons for workday idling Every hour a truck idles unnecessarily is equivalent to about 8 to 10 miles of on-road driving. Source: Argonne National Laboratory.

18. Why Consider Idle Reduction? • Personal and environmental health • Financial and fuel economy improvements • Technologies manufacturing and service • Implementation by both consumers and fleets • Immediate reductions in fuel consumption and emissions

19. Advantages of Idle Reduction • Reduced fuel consumption • Fewer vehicle emissions • Lower operating costs • Increased engine life • No-cost implementation

20. Additional Points to Consider • Possible capital investment • Personal convenience may be compromised

21. Benefits of Idle Reduction • Health and environmental benefits • Reduced fuel costs - economics • Reduced dependence on foreign oil – energy security

22. Health Benefits • Combustion of fuels produces harmful emissions • Creation of PM • Respiratory and cardiovascular complications • Idle reduction reduces vehicle emissions

23. Environmental Benefits • Emissions negatively affect the environment • GHG formation, climate change • Idle reduction = reduced emissions

24. Economic Benefits • Excessive idling = unnecessary financial loss • Industry opportunity for implementation of idle reduction technologies • Reduced consumption = financial benefit for all drivers

25. Energy Security Benefits • Reduced idling = reduced fuel consumption • Reduced fuel consumption = reduced reliance on foreign oil • Nearly half of all petroleum used in the U.S. is imported

26. Upon completing this lesson, can you: • Describe what idle reduction is? • Explain the basic history of idle reduction strategies and technologies? • Describe how implementing idle reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment? • Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction? • Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it?

27. Test Your Knowledge • True or False: Engine speeds of idling engines under no load are typically 600-1,000 rotations per minute (rpm). • What does the acronym TSE stand for and how does it relate to idle reduction? • A passenger car that is idles for one hour consumes about ___ gallon(s) of fuel. • True or False: Vehicles that are idling while not moving have a fuel economy of 0 miles per gallon (MPG).

28. Lesson 2: Idle Reduction Policies, Infrastructure, and Sustainability

29. Objectives • Describe federal, state, and local policies on idle reduction • Explain how both manufacturers and consumers can implement idle reduction strategies • Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction • Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency

30. Idle Reduction Policies • Reduced allowable emissions from vehicles • CAFE fuel economy standards for passenger cars and trucks • New goals implemented by the Obama administration • Fuel economy gains of more than 5% per year

31. Figure 5: New standards for light-duty vehicles in order to meet 2016 compliance. Source: EPA.

32. Figure 6: Compression-ignition engine emissions limits. Source: EPA.

33. Testing Procedures • Pre-defined test cycles for light- and heavy-duty vehicles • Dynamometer vehicle testing • Fuel waste and emissions from overnight idling • New technology development • Strict standards and timelines

34. Figure 7: Test cycles for fuel economy and emissions of light-duty vehicles. Source: EPA.

35. Federal Idle Reduction Programs • Clean Cities program • Reduce petroleum consumption • Offers educational workshops, grants, program development assistance • SmartWay • Partnership between government and industry • Financing options for fuel-saving and emission reducing technologies

36. Clean School Bus USA • Partnership between EPA and private organizations • Reduce children’s exposure to school bus emissions • Limit school bus idling

37. For more information on Clean Cities initiatives in your area, visit: www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities. For more information on a SmartWay program, visit: http://www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm To learn more about another DOE idle reduction project, visit: http://www.the-step-project.org

38. State Programs • Individual regulations and incentives • Incentives often based on vehicle weight • Truck stop electrification (TSE) development • Maximum idling time per hour • Specific grant programs for idle reduction implementation

39. To learn about other states laws, visit http:/www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state. And http://www.atri-online.org/2012/01/01/idling-regulations-compendium/.

40. Local • Maximum idle time in public places • Idle time may vary by location, proximity to certain businesses Figure 8: Idle-Free Tennessee Program. Source: East Tennessee Clean Fuels Coalition.

41. Manufacturer Implementation • New technologies help light- duty manufacturers reach CAFE/EPA standards • Light- and medium-duty mild hybrid implementation • Heavy-duty idle timer use • Auxiliary power units (APUs)

42. Consumer Implementation • Purchase of new technologies/vehicles • Understand how the vehicle operates • Minimum warm-up/cool-down times • Planning trips/avoiding traffic congestion

43. Distribution and Infrastructure • Distribution of Knowledge • Strategies are implemented on vehicles that are already in use • Easily adapted for advanced technology vehicles • Immediate fuel and emissions reductions

44. Infrastructure • Some strategies requires no infrastructure development • Mild hybrid, HEV, EV production already in place • Heavy-duty sector development • APUs, TSE (possibility for up to 5,000 TSE sites) • Utilization of electricity over petroleum

45. Sustainability • Completely sustainable practices • Small changes can affect fuel consumption • Less dependence on foreign oil supplies • Remember overnight commercial truck idling consumes about 1 billion gallons a fuel a year

46. Cost Efficiency • Immediate fuel savings • Strategies can be implemented at no cost • Technology investment may be offset by tax incentives and fuel savings The Future of Idle Reduction • Necessary part of achieving higher fuel economy ratings • Evolution from options to standard equipment

47. Upon completing this lesson, can you: • Describe federal, state, and local policies on idle reduction? • Explain how both manufacturers and consumers can implement idle reduction strategies? • Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction? • Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency?

48. Test Your Knowledge • True or False: The Clean Cities and SmartWay transportation programs are examples of federal programs that address benefits of idle reduction. • In West Virginia, a heavy-duty vehicle may not operate more than ________ minutes within a sixty minute period. • The EPA estimates that overnight idling of long- haul trucks consumes 1 (thousand, million, billion) gallons of fuel annually. • True or False: Additions in TSE could provide up to 64 electrified truck stops nationwide.

49. Lesson 3: Idle Reduction Technologies and Strategies

50. Objectives • Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector • Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light- and medium-duty vehicle sector • Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies • Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place