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Ethics

Ethics. Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology. Exam 1 : on Monday Univ college writing help: http://www.ucollege.ilstu.edu/tutoring/writing/. Announcements. Abstract Body Introduction Methods Participants Materials/Apparatus Design Procedure Results Discussion

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Ethics

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  1. Ethics Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology

  2. Exam 1: on Monday • Univ college writing help: • http://www.ucollege.ilstu.edu/tutoring/writing/ Announcements

  3. Abstract • Body • Introduction • Methods • Participants • Materials/Apparatus • Design • Procedure • Results • Discussion • References • The rest • Authors Notes, Footnotes, Tables, Figure Captions, Figures APA style: Parts of a research report

  4. Results • Verbal statement of results: Describe the results but don’t interpret them here (that’s for the discussion) • Statistical Outcomes • Means, standard deviations, t-tests, ANOVAs, correlations, etc. • Relate the analyses to the specific hypotheses • Tables and figures • These get referred to in the text, but actually get put into their own sections at the end of the manuscript Body

  5. Results • Reading checklist • Did the author get unexpected results? • How does the author interpret the results? • How would YOU interpret the results? • What implications would YOU draw from these results? • Writing checklist • Is it clear how the hypotheses are tested by the analyses? • Would a graph or table help clarify the results? • What questions might the reader still have, and how could I answer them in this section? Body

  6. Discussion (interpret the results) • Relationship between purpose and results • Theoretical (or methodological) contribution • Implications • Future directions (optional) • Reading checklist • Does YOUR interpretation or the authors' interpretation best represent the data? • Do you or the author draw the most sensible implications and conclusions? • Writing checklist • Have you stated your most convincing argument? • Do the conclusions follow straightforwardly from the results? Body

  7. References • Author’s name • Year • Title of work • Publication information • Journal • Issue • Pages Adolescent Depression 29 References Barnett, P. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988). Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 104. Beck, A. T. (1978). Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Benoit, D., Vidovic, D., & Roman, J. (1991, April). Transmission of attachment across three generations. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Benoit, D., Zeanah, C. H., & Barton, M. L. (1989). Maternal attachment disturbances in failure to thrive. Infant Mental Health Journal, 3, 185-202. Benoit, D., Zeanah, C. H., Boucher, C., & Minde, K. (1989). Sleep disorders in early childhood: Association with insecure maternal attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 86-93. When something odd comes up, don’t guess. Look it up! The references

  8. Authors Notes • Footnotes • Tables • Figure Captions • Figures The rest

  9. These are used to supplement the text. • To make a point clearer for the reader. • Typically used for: • The design • Examples of stimuli • Patterns of results Figures and tables

  10. Ethics – people should be treated as ends not means Ethics

  11. Two basic categories of ethical concerns: • Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research • Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners • CITI ethics training • https://www.citiprogram.org/ • Can take short “courses” on ethics • Starting in Jan. most 290, 390s (and probably some PSY 331 classes) will require it (lasts for 3 years) • Social/Behavioral Research Course, Basic Course • Students conducting no more than minimal risk research Ethical Responsibilities in Research

  12. For the most part the researcher has the power • You know what is going to be done to the participants • Participants may feel like they have to do it Using humans in research

  13. Consider ethics at each step • How are participants selected? • What methods may be used on the participant population? • What measurement techniques will be used? • What design is appropriate? • How are the data analyzed? • How are the results reported? Ethical Responsibilities in Research

  14. Respect for persons • Basic courtesy • Informed consent • Debriefing • Avoid deception • Beneficence • Protection from harm • Cost/Benefits analysis • Confidentiality • Justice • Freedom from coercion • Equal chances of participation APA’s code of ethics http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

  15. Information to allow a person to decide if they want to participate • Basic purpose of the study • Participation is voluntary • Risks involved • Benefits involved • Rights to refuse or terminate participation • Assent - guardians if participants are not competent • e.g., children, developmentally disabled people Informed consent

  16. Types • Passive deception • Withholding information about the study • Active deception • Deliberately misleading participants • Avoid it when possible • Alternative to deception • Role-playing • When not possible to avoid • Make sure that you are up front with all possible risks • Potential results must be worth it • Must debrief participants as soon as possible (either right after participation or as soon as project is over) Using deception in research

  17. Costs: all potential risks to the participants • Physical harm • Psychological harm • Loss of confidentiality • Benefits: the “good” outcomes • Direct benefits to participants • Benefits to knowledge base • Benefits to world at large Costs/Benefits analysis

  18. Institutional Review Board • IRB Criteria • Minimize risk • Benefits > Risks • Equal opportunity sampling • Informed consent • Documentation of consent • Data monitoring • Privacy & Confidentiality Monitoring of ethics

  19. Fraud prevention • Replication – repeat a research study to validate results • Peer Review – critical analysis of research by peers in the same area • Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s work or ideas • Avoided by citing the ideas or words of others Scientific Integrity

  20. Exam 1: 15% of final grade • Short answer & multiple choice • Covers – lectures, textbook, lab material • Textbook Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 Exam 1

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