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  1. Primary and Secondary Sources

  2. Primary sourcesprovides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. These sources are contemporary to the events and people described. In the context of historical research, primary sources are sources that were created during the specific time period being studied. 

  3. Some examples of primary sources include: • Newspaper articles Letters • Memoirs and autobiographies • Photographs Speeches • Government documents Novels, poems

  4. Secondary sources were produced sometime after an event took place. Unlike primary sources, secondary sources do not provide firsthand evidence. Instead, they provide information that has been analyzed or interpreted in some way. Secondary sources often analyze information that has been gathered from various primary sources. • Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources.

  5. Examples of secondary sources include: • Book reviews Biographies • Articles from magazines, Literature reviews journals, and newspapers after the event

  6. External and Internal Criticism

  7. Internal criticism, aka positive criticism, is the attempt of the researcher to restore the meaning of the text. This is the phase of hermeneutics in which the researcher engages with the meaning of the text rather than the external elements of the document.

  8. The Internal Criticism answer the questions: • Accurate? • Meaning?

  9. External criticism is a process by which historians determine whether a source is authentic by checking the validity of the source. Internal criticism looks at the reliability of an authenticated source after it has been subjected to external criticism.

  10. The External Criticism answer the questions: • Authentic? • Genuine?

  11. Primary & Secondary Sources • https://libguides.lib.msu.edu/c.php?g=95455&p=623859 • https://sccollege.edu/Library/Pages/primarysources.aspx • https://libguides.uta.edu/researchprocess/primary Secondary Sources (2nd) Secondary & Secondary Sources (picture)

  12. Internal Criticism & External Criticism • https://askinglot.com/what-is-internal-and-external-criticism-of-historical-sources#:~:text=between%20external%20and%20internal%20source,contents%20of%20the%20document%3B%20it. • https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/introduction-to-history-definitionissuessources-and-methodology • https://charisontreetopspa.com/casterton/external-information-sources-definition-explanation-example.php • https://slideplayer.com/slide/7990327/ Internal Criticism & External Criticism (picture) Internal and External Criticism (answer the question)

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