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Early Psychology

Early Psychology. A science is born. Though everyone agrees that chemistry is a science, not everyone is quite sure where psychology stands. What were psychology’s origins?. Psychology originated in ancient Greece Socrates and Plato

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Early Psychology

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  1. Early Psychology A science is born Though everyone agrees that chemistry is a science, not everyone is quite sure where psychology stands

  2. What were psychology’s origins? • Psychology originated in ancient Greece • Socrates and Plato • Dualism (mind and body separate) – when body dies, mind lives on • All knowledge is innate (unlearned) • Aristotle • Monist (mind and body are the same) – when body dies, so does mind • Believed direct observation was the foundation of understanding

  3. What were psychology’s origins? • 1600s Philosophy and Science merge • Rene Descartes • Described nerve paths; agrees with Socrates and Plato(dualism, innate knowledge) • Francis Bacon • Introduced the scientific method • John Locke • Knowledge comes with experience • Tabula Rasa – “Blank Slate” • Begins process of empiricism – Knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation

  4. What is structuralism? • Wilhlem Wundt • 1879 - opens 1st research lab in Leipzig, Germany • Insists on using the scientific method for research • Psychology as a science is born • Edward Bradford Titchener • Student of Wundt • Starts structuralism • Seeks to break items down into its specific parts using the senses • Uses introspection – inward looking • Example: A car is made up of many parts

  5. What is Gestalt Psychology? • Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler • Gestalt Psychology • Founded in opposition to Structuralism • Argued that the whole is different than the sum of its parts • Example: A car is only a car when it is put together, as a series of parts it is mostly worthless as a car What do you see in the picture?

  6. What is functionalism? • William James • Opened the first U.S. psychology lab at Harvard University • Disagreed with Structuralism • Functionalism • Seeks to find the reason something exists • Example: What is the reason a car exists?

  7. What is psychoanalysis? • Sigmund Freud • Regarded by many as the “father” of psychology – his theories have been shown to be largely false • Psychoanalysis • Did away with research and focused on treatment of abnormal behaviors • Focused on unconscious drives to explain behavior (dream analysis and hypnosis)

  8. What is behaviorism? • John Watson • Argued that psychology should only study what could be observed and measured objectively • Direct opposition to psychoanalysis • B.F. Skinner • Behaviorism • Rewards increase behavior, punishments diminish behavior • Later influenced by cognitive psychology (the way we think) • When humans KNOW they are being rewarded or punished for a behavior, it can change how they are influenced by it

  9. What is humanistic psychology? • Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow • A softer (1960s) response to behaviorism and psychoanalysis • Emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential

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