Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Struggle Against Discrimination

2. Progressivism Presents Contradictions • Most progressives were indifferent or actively hostile to minorities • They tried to make the U.S. a model society by encouraging everyone to follow the white, middle-class ways of life • Americanization by settlement houses and other civic groups. • Tried to replace their culture • Idea was to make them “loyal” citizens • Use of alcohol was alarming to Progressives

3. Racism Limits the Goals of Progressivism • Theory that “dark skinned” people were less intelligent • Kept them from voting in the south. 2. Edgar Gardner Murphy advised African Americans ,” will accept in the white man’s country the place assigned him by the white man,..not by the stress of rivalry, but by genial cooperation with the white man’s interests.” 3. Plessy v. Ferguson led to wide spread segregation by 1910. Segregation was the norm across country.

4. African Americans Demand Reform • Most visible African American leader was Booker T. Washington • Preached patience • Thought they would gradually win white America’s respect • Most outspoken African American leader was W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter • Both educated at Harvard • Told African Americans to demand immediately all rights guaranteed by the Constitution.

5. The Niagara Movement • In 1905 African American Leaders met in Niagara Falls • In Canada because no hotel on the New York side of the border would give them rooms • Denounced the idea of gradual progress. • Also condemned just teaching trade skills. • Du Bois said they should be taught history, literature, and philosophy, so they could think for themselves.

6. Riots Lead to Formation of NAACP • 1908 –Springfield, Illinois- attempted lynching of two African American prisoners in the city jail • After the two prisoners were moved to safety, the rioters killed two and burned 40 homes of black residents. • Whites merged with African Americans to form the NAACP • Their aim was for African Americans to be, “physically free from peonage, mentally free from ignorance, politically free from disfranchisement, and socially free from insult.”

7. NAACP Cont. • Other “Big Hitters” were Jane Adams, Ray Stannard Baker and Florence Kelly. • Also Ida B. Wells • Their strategy was to use the courts to challenge unfair laws. • Focus on the battle for equal access to decent housing and professional careers like teaching.

8. Reducing Prejudice and Protecting Rights • Anti-Defamation League Aids Jews- formed in 1913 • Goal is to defend Jews and others against verbal and physical attacks , false statements and “to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike.” • The Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) • Protected Mexican Americans • Also formed mutualistas- group for loans and legal assistance • Many were forced to signunfair labor contracts that kept them in debt. Supreme Court struck this down in 1911.

9. By 1932, nearly two-thirds of the lands held by tribes in 1887 were in the hands of whites. Carlos Montezuma established the Society of American Indians in 1911. Medically treated them on reservations Told them to preserve their cultures, build their own lives and avoid dependence on the government. 1913 California law made Japanese immigrants sell their land. (By law couldn’t own) Work around- put it in their kid’s names In 1922 Takao Ozawa lost a battle with the Supreme Court to get them citizenship.