Chemicals of Life

1. Chemicals of Life Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

2. Eagle Zone • You will have 3 minutes at the sound of the bell to get out the following items: • Lab book (notes section) • Crossword • Biochemistry vocabulary review sheet • Food label sheet • Failure to have these items out on your desk when the 3 minutes is over will result in a 0 daily grade today.

3. Learning Objectives • Bio.9A Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; • Bio.9C Identify and investigate the role of enzymes ; and • • Understand the structure/function and how it affects the reaction rate • • Discuss how enzyme activity is influenced by temperature, pH, concentration and inhibitors • Bio.9D Analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self-replicating life. • • Discuss how the monomers make-up polymers

4. Engage • Make a list of all the things you like to eat at the State Fair.

5. Explore 1 • Food Label Investigation- • Students will look at food labels to determine what types of biomolecules might be found in their foods

6. Cell: Collection of compounds, smallest unit of living organism CO2 Compound: Combination of 2 or more elements C6H12O6 NaCl Molecule: Bonding of 1 or more elements OR Element: made of one type of atom Atom: smallest unit Molecular Organization (explain)

7. H He Li Be B C N O F N e Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb B i Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha 6 Essential Elements C H N O P S These six elements makeup all living organisms.

8. C H He Li Be B C N O F N e Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb B i Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha Carbon is an element. • Let’s talk about carbon.

9. 6 S C + + + + + + carbon 12.11 = Carbon is an element. 6 atomic number How many protons? 6 atomic mass How many neutrons? How many energy levels? 2 How many electrons? 6

10. Chemical Bonding • What is a bond? • Attraction that holds atoms together, resulting in different forms of matter. • Ex: NaCl-a.k.a Table Salt • Sodium (Na) is a metal that explodes in water. • Chlorine (Cl) is a poisonous gas. • When bonded together, they become the compound salt.

11. Types of Bonds • Covalent Bonds – sharing of electrons • Ionic Bonds – gaining or losing electrons • Hydrogen Bonds – how polar molecules “stick” together. (not a chemical bond)

12. C6H12O6 Organic vs. Inorganic • Organic Compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4) • Inorganic Compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (CO2, H2O)

13. Water-Organic or Inorganic? • Polarity • Cohesive • Adhesion • High Heat Capacity • Universal Solvent • Surface Tension • Forms Hydrogen Bonds

14. + + + + + + Carbon • Carbon is the basis of all organic compounds • Remember the element carbon? Carbon can make 4 bonds

15. H H H H H H H C C C C C C H H H H H H H Hydrocarbon • Backbone of all organic compounds • Composed of carbon chains surrounded by hydrogens Remember that carbon can make 4 bonds

16. H H O H C C C Carboxyl Group OH H H Functional Groups • Functional groups bond to the carbon in place of an H to give the compound unique chemical and physical properties. 1. Found in Proteins and Lipids (fatty acids)

17. H H Hydroxyl Group H C C OH H H H H O Phosphate Group H C _ C O P O O _ H H Functional Groups 2. Found in Carbohydrates and Lipids (glycerol) 3. Found in Nucleic Acids

18. H H H Amine Group H C C N H H H H H H C C C O Carbonyl Group H H H Functional Groups 4. Found in Proteins 5. Found in Carbohydrates

19. Building Organic Compounds • Monomers • Polymer How are monomers similar to links in a chain?

20. Eagle Zone-12 minutes 1)How do you find the number of protons in an atom? 2)How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom? 3)What is the difference between organic and inorganic? 4)What are the names of the 4 biomolecules?

21. Mini Quiz #1 • 1. Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the following elements: • Carbon (atomic # 6, atomic mass=12g) • Sulfur (atomic #=16, atomic mass = 32) • Oxygen (atomic #=8, atomic mass=16) • 2. Is the compound C6H12O6 organic or inorganic? Why or why not? • 3. Is water an organic compound? Why or why not? • 4. How are monomers similar to links in a chain? • 5. Provide the name and the elements present for the following functional groups: • Carbohydrates --Lipids

22. Explore 2- Building Polymers • Students will explore how monomers are linked, chain-like, into polymers with a building blocks activity

23. Eagle Zone • If you did not finish your conclusion questions for the enzyme lab, do so at this time. It will be due TODAY, no exceptions, by the end of Eagle Zone time • You have 12 minutes to complete today’s assignment • If you are done with the questions, answer this: • Name the 4 biomolecules and give an example of each

24. Eagle Zone • Name the four carbon compounds (biomolecules) • What element are all biomolecules made of? • Provide the name of the bond that is the weakest and that can be found in water molecules.

25. Eagle zone- Write the questions and answer them. 16 minutes 1) Provide the name of the 4 organic compounds. 2) Provide a simple definition for “functional group.” 3) What element are all biomolecules made of? 4) A monosaccharide is a type of-- • Carbohydrate c) Nucleic acid • Lipid d) Protein 5) The structure of a lipid contains one ___________ and three __________ _____________ tails. 6)What were the 2 tests we did for carbohydrates? 7) What was the test we did for lipids?

26. Eagle Zone-write the questions and answer them • 1) Which of the following correctly describes the parts of a nucleotide? (use the book for this one) A) deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base B) ribose sugar, protein, lipid, nitrogen base C) Nitrogen base, phosphate, ribose sugar • 2) Saliva breaks down food that you have eaten and changes it into simple carbohydrates. If a potato was chewed for two minutes and then spit into a test tube, the organic substance that would give a positive test would be a A)Lipid B)sugar C)starch • 3)Which substance would store the most energy? A) one gram of fat B) one gram of carbohydrate C) one gram of protein 4) Copy the class calendar into your agenda for the days you are in this class. Homework is in red. Study for quiz on Friday over biomolecules. Quiz next week on enzymes

27. H O H H C O C H H H C C O H H O H H O C C H O H Carbohydrates 1. Elements: C, H, O 2. Monomers: Monosaccharide 3. Structure: Glucose (C6H12O6)

28. Carbohydrates What would this tell you about the taste of monosaccharides? Carbohydrates have 3 monomers: -Glucose-Fructose-Galactose “ose” indicates sugar

29. C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 Polysaccharide Building Carbohydrates • Many monosaccharides bonded together form polysaccharides. • How many water molecules would be removed by making the polysaccharide? • Polysaccharides are known as starches. • Will the taste of starches be the same as sugars?

30. Energy Functions of Carbohydrates • To provide a quick source of energy (by breaking the C-H bonds) C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6

31. Energy Functions of Carbohydrates • To provide a quick source of energy (by breaking the C-H bonds) C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 • Animals store excess sugars as a starch known as glycogen. • Plants store excess sugars as a starch known as cellulose.

32. Fatty Acid Tails Glycerol H H O H H C H O C C H C C H O H H H H O H H H C C H C O H C O H H C H H H O H H H H O C C C C H H H C O H H H H Lipids • Elements: C, H, O • Monomer: Technically, none • Structure:

33. H H O H Saturated Fatty Acid: maximum number of C-H bonds. C H O C C H C H H H O H H H Unsaturated Fatty Acid: contains one double C-C bond. H C C C H C O H O H H H Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: many double C-C bonds. C C O C H C C C H H H H Lipids • The different types of lipids are determined by the number of C-H bonds in the fatty acid chain.

34. Energy Functions of Lipids • Lipids store energy, due to their numerous C-H bonds. • Because they are insoluble in water (polar), lipids are found in animal cell membranes. • Fats, oils, waxes and many hormones (steroids) are lipids

35. H H O C C N H O R H Proteins • Elements: C, H, O, N, S • Monomer: Amino Acids (20) • Structure: “R” is the functional group that varies

36. Functions of Proteins • Proteins are a major structural component for living organisms (ex. muscle) • Proteins function as enzymes to carry out chemical reactions in the body.

37. Cell membrane channel protein Functions of Proteins • Some hormones are protein (peptide hormones). • Proteins also function to transport or carry substances in and out of cells.

38. Nucleic Acids • Elements: C, H, O, N, P • Monomer: nucleotide • Structure: 3. 1. O 2. H3 C O O O P C C H2 C O O C N H H C H H C N C H C C H O H O H O Adenine

39. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. O 2. H3 C O O O P C C H2 C O O C N H H C H H C N C H C C H O H O H O Nucleotide Nucleic Acids • Phosphate Group • 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) • Nitrogen Base

40. Function of Nucleic Acids • Store genetic code (ATCG) - DNA Remember, all living organisms share a universal genetic code! • Help make proteins (RNA)

41. OverviewNow you should fill in the notes page that I have provided to you (the 2 front/back pages) • The 4 biomolecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Other terms for biomolecules: • Carbon compounds • Organic compounds • Organic molecules • macromolecules

42. Carbohydrates

43. Proteins amino acids

44. Lipids fatty acid : glycerol : 

45. Nucleic Acids

46. Explore Lab • Students will test the presence or absence of the groups of biomolecules through a series of activities using compound indicators

47. Elaborate • Indicators: • Determine what class of organic compound foods belong to when testing them using indicators (McMush Lab)

48. Evaluate • The student will construct a flip chart that organizes the biomolecules, their building blocks, polymer, characteristics, and examples • The student will keep a Nutrition Log for one week to organize the foods they ate and classify those foods into the biomolecule groups

49. Mini Quiz #2 1) Fructose is a compound found in many fruits which give them their sweet taste. The suffix “ose” lets us know that fructose can be classified as a- • Carbon b) starch c)sugar d)protein 2) Starch and sugar are two types of _________. 3) The biomolecule which has functional groups that contain elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is________.

50. Mini Quiz #3 • Proteins are made up of molecules called _______ ________. • Lipids contain the following structures • Carbon chain and an “r” group • A glycerol and 3 fatty acids • A glycerol and an amine group