In chordates, the long supporting rod that runs through the body is called the

1. In chordates, the long supporting rod that runs through the body is called the • nerve cord. • notochord. • pharyngeal pouch. • tail.

2. Which of these chordate characteristics exists as paired structures? • tail • notochord • pharyngeal pouch • nerve cord

3. In some chordates, pharyngeal pouches develop into slits that develop into • fins. • gills. • blood vessels. • vertebrae.

4. A vertebrate is any chordate that has a • backbone. • notochord. • hollow nerve cord. • tail that extends beyond the anus.

5. Which of the following statements about a vertebrate’s skeleton is INCORRECT? • It supports and protects the body. • It is an endoskeleton. • It grows as the animal grows. • It is made entirely of nonliving material.

6. Any animal with a spinal cord must be a(an) • fish. • amphibian. • vertebrate. • nonvertebrate chordate.

7. The two groups of nonvertebrate chordates are • tunicates and lancelets. • skates and rays. • frogs and toads. • lungfishes and coelacanths.

8. One difference between lancelets and tunicates is that adult lancelets have • a pharynx. • a head region. • jaws. • a backbone.

9. In which of the following ways does a larval tunicate resemble an adult tunicate? • overall body shape • method of moving from place to place • method of feeding • structure of notochord

10. Most fishes are characterized by each of the following EXCEPT • a cartilaginous skeleton. • scales. • paired fins. • gills.

11. In most fishes, the structures that are most important for obtaining oxygen from water are the • scales. • gills. • lungs. • vertebrae.

12. Vertebrate X has gills. To determine whether vertebrate X is a fish, it would be useful to know if it also has • a notochord. • pharyngeal pouches. • a spinal cord. • paired fins.

13. The first vertebrates to evolve were • amphibians. • lancelets. • tunicates. • fishes.

14. Fishes that lived during the late Cambrian Period • lacked paired fins. • had powerful jaws. • had limbs. • had soft bodies with little or no armor.

15. Which statement correctly describes the likely evolution of fishes? • Fishes evolved directly from tunicates and lancelets. • Both fishes and lancelets evolved directly from tunicates. • Fishes, lancelets, and tunicates probably evolved from common invertebrate ancestors. • Fishes probably evolved from vertebrate ancestors, whereas lancelets and tunicates evolved from invertebrate ancestors.

16. In fishes with gills, oxygen-rich water enters through the • mouth and leaves through the openings in the pharynx. • mouth and leaves through the bladder. • openings in the pharynx and leaves through the mouth. • openings in the pharynx and leaves through the anus.

17. Blood flows through the body of a fish in a • single-loop open circulatory system. • single-loop closed circulatory system. • double-loop open circulatory system. • double-loop closed circulatory system.

18. After passing through the gills of a fish, blood circulates through the rest of the body and then collects in the • atrium. • ventricle. • bulbus arteriosus. • sinus venosus.

19. Most fishes get rid of nitrogenous wastes by • taking in ammonia through the gills and eliminating it from the kidneys. • taking in water through the kidneys and eliminating ammonia from the gills. • eliminating ammonia from the gills and from the kidneys. • eliminating urine from the gills and ammonia from the kidneys.

20. If a fish’s olfactory bulbs were damaged, the fish probably would be unable to • coordinate its body movements. • recognize substances by their smell. • discriminate between light and dark objects. • detect vibrations in the water.

21. The organ that adjusts the buoyancy of many bony fishes is the • swim bladder. • cerebellum. • ventricle. • kidney.

22. Suppose a fish is swimming upstream in total darkness. Which of the following would be most likely to help the fish sense aquatic predators that approach it from behind? • its well-developed eyes • its chemoreceptors • its lateral line system • its bulbus arteriosus

23. If a species of fish reproduces through external fertilization, that species must be • oviparous. • viviparous. • ovoviviparous. • either viviparous or ovoviviparous.

24. Modern jawless fishes include • skates. • sharks. • lampreys. • lungfishes.

25. All fishes in the class Chondrichthyes are alike in the • foods that they eat. • size and form of their teeth. • shape of their bodies. • composition of their skeletons.

26. The harder a body part is, the greater the chance that it will be well preserved as a fossil. On that basis, which of the following groups of fishes would leave the best-preserved fossils of their skeletons? • hagfishes • lungfishes • sharks • lampreys

27. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most amphibians? • They live on land as adults. • They breathe with lungs as adults. • They have moist skin that contains mucus glands. • They have scales and claws.

28. Which feature distinguishes most fishes from most amphibians? • a vertebral column • scales • breathing with gills during at least part of the life cycle • living in water during at least part of the life cycle

29. Most amphibians exist as • aquatic larvae that breathe with gills and as terrestrial adults that breathe using lungs and skin. • aquatic larvae that breathe using lungs and skin and as terrestrial adults that breathe with gills. • terrestrial larvae that breathe with gills and as aquatic adults that breathe using lungs and skin. • terrestrial larvae that breathe with gills and lungs and as aquatic adults that breathe using skin.

30. The first amphibians probably resembled • jawless fishes, like the lamprey. • cartilaginous fishes, like the skate. • lobe-finned fishes, like the coelacanth. • ray-finned fishes, like the salmon.

31. The dominance of amphibians during the Carboniferous Period ended because • many of their habitats disappeared due to climate changes. • swampy fern forests became more widespread. • amphibians were never very numerous during that period. • amphibians did not evolve from the first forms that climbed onto land.

32. At the end of the Permian Period, • a great adaptive radiation of amphibians occurred. • amphibian species reached their greatest number. • most amphibian species became extinct. • amphibians first appeared.

33. Adaptations that helped early amphibians live on land included all of the following EXCEPT • strong limb bones. • dry, scaly skin. • lungs and breathing tubes. • sterum, or breastbone.

34. Which of the following is NOT an amphibian adaptation that provides support against the pull of gravity? • strong bones in the limbs • strong bones in the limb girdle • a bony cage around the internal organs • lungs for breathing air

35. Some species of amphibians have skin color and markings that enable them to blend in with their surroundings. This would be most effective against predators that hunt by sensing the • smell of their prey. • color of their prey. • sounds made by their prey. • heat released by their prey.

36. In a frog, the cavity through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body is the • cloaca. • colon. • gallbladder. • pancreas.

37. Which of the following structures are missing from many salamanders that live on land? • lungs • kidneys • legs • eyes

38. In the circulatory system of an adult amphibian, one loop carries • oxygen-poor blood from the body directly to the lungs. • oxygen-rich blood from the lungs directly to the body. • oxygen-poor blood from the lungs back to the heart. • oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart.

39. Which chamber of an amphibian’s heart contains blood with the highest oxygen concentration? • ventricle • right atrium • left atrium • conus arteriosus

40. The eggs of amphibians can dry out easily because they • are never encased in jelly. • do not have shells. • are usually laid on land. • are always fertilized externally.

41. A frog’s tympanic membranes would be most useful for • enabling the frog to jump long distances. • filtering wastes from the frog’s blood. • listening to the mating calls of other frogs. • keeping the frog’s eyes from drying out on land.

42. Similarities between most amphibian larvae and fishes include all of the following EXCEPT • the presence of a lateral line system. • the organization of their circulatory systems. • their method of propelling themselves through the water. • the basic structure of their brains.

43. The amphibian in Figure 30–1 is a • caecilian. • frog. • salamander. • toad.

44. Amphibians like the one in Figure 30–1 are • herbivores as larvae and carnivores as adults. • carnivores as larvae and herbivores as adults. • herbivores as larvae and adults. • carnivores as larvae and adults.

45. In which amphibian would you expect the pelvic girdle to be least well developed? • a caecilian • a salamander • a toad • a frog

46. In chordates, the nerve cord runs along the dorsal part of the body. _________________________ • True • False

47. An animal cannot be a chordate if it lacks a backbone. _________________________ • True • False

48. The nonvertebrate chordate that has all four chordate characteristics as an adult is the tunicate. _________________________ • True • False

49. The fins of fishes are used for protection. _________________________ • True • False

50. The first fishes to evolve could not control their movements with great accuracy because they lacked jaws. _________________________ • True • False