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Global Challenges and the Role of Research Universities

Global Challenges and the Role of Research Universities. Mark S. Wrighton Honorary Professor, Shandong University October 14, 2008. 2008, top overlap schools: Duke, Harvard, Stanford, Penn, Northwestern ~22,000 applications for 1430 positions 95% of students in top 10% of high school class

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Global Challenges and the Role of Research Universities

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  1. Global Challenges and the Role of Research Universities Mark S. Wrighton Honorary Professor, Shandong University October 14, 2008

  2. 2008, top overlap schools: Duke, Harvard, Stanford, Penn, Northwestern ~22,000 applications for 1430 positions 95% of students in top 10% of high school class Ave. SAT of 1446 Brookings Hall Washington University

  3. 2008 National Champions!

  4. Danforth University Center

  5. Seigle Hall

  6. New facilities for Earth and Planetary Sciences dedicated in Spring, 2005 Exploring MarsProf. R. Arvidson in Arts & Sciences

  7. Washington U. Collaborations with Shandong U. • July 2007: Workshop and Summer School on Lunar Science and Planetary Data Analysis , Shandong University-Weihai Campus • Summer 2008: Workshop on use of the Planetary Data System for Weihai Campus students • December 2007: Shandong students Zongcheng Ling and Jiang Zhang conclude year-long studies at Washington University

  8. Doubling of space completed in 1998 Center for Social Development, Individual Development Accounts Mental Health Services Research Center Goldfarb Hall, 1998 Brown School of Social Work

  9. Washington U. Collaborations with Shandong U. • 2004: Shandong U. hosted first conference in China on Asset Building and Social Development • Summer 2009: Conference on Productive Aging to be hosted by Shandong U.

  10. Global Challenges of the 21st Century • Energy, Environment, Sustainability • Water • Poverty • Human Health • Food Supply • International Security • Aging, Growing Population

  11. Projected Population Change (by Country) Percent Population Change, 2005-2050 Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2005 World Population Data Sheet.

  12. Population Growth By CountryPopulation Reference Bureau, 2008(millions)

  13. The World’s 15 ‘Oldest’ Countries and the U.S. Percent Age 65 or Older Sources: Carl Haub, 2006 World Population Data Sheet.

  14. Trends in Aging by Region Population Ages 65 and Older Percent Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.

  15. Projected World Population, by Sex, at Specified Age Groups, 2025 Percent Men Women Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects:The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.

  16. Aging in China % of Elderly (65+) in China’s Population, 1950-2050 Source: World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (2005).

  17. China’s Age Distribution Population Structures by Age and Sex (Millions) 1950 2000 2050 Age Age 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 Male Female Male Female Male Female Source: World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (2005).

  18. Population Living on Less Than US$2 per Day 2002, % Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006.

  19. Opportunities in Science and Technology • This is the “age of biology” • Agriculture • Human health • Bioenergy, new chemical feedstocks • New ability to manipulate structure and composition of complex materials systems • Nanotechnology

  20. William E. Clarke, GE Healthcare

  21. John Leonard, Abbott Laboratories

  22. Chad A. Mirkin, Northwestern

  23. ( R X )n Cabot Pigment Treatment TechnologyJames Belmont, Cabot Corporation Treatment Type Counterion Type Commercial • Ionic (+ and -) • Non-ionic • Hydrophilic/hydrophobic • Polymers • Negative/Positive • Organic/inorganic • Small molecules/polymers R&D Pigment Type Treatment Level Black Cyan Magenta Yellow ... Adjusted for desired properties

  24. K. K. Sankaran, Boeing

  25. G. Kishore, DuPont Company

  26. Energy and Environment • Three aspirations: • Abundant energy at affordable cost • Minimize effects on the environment • Achieve “energy security” • Addressing global environmental challenges is a new cost. How much will we be willing to pay? • Options to address carbon dioxide accumulation are limited: solar the ultimate solution?

  27. New “Cost”: Environmental Degradation • Global warming from accumulation of greenhouse gases….consequences? • Diminished biodiversity? So what? • What price are we willing to pay to address the environmental challenges?

  28. The Future • Conservation • Efficiency Improvements • Expand existing system • Systems for mitigating CO2 • New energy resources

  29. What is to be done with CO2? • Like energy production itself, the scale is staggering. • Geological “storage”? • Photobiological reduction to fuels? • Electrochemical reduction using electricity from nuclear/solar power?

  30. Global Energy Consumption • Today: ~14 Terawatts • 2050: ~30 Terawatts estimated • Scale, assuming all needs provided by nuclear: • 16 Terawatts = 16,000 Gigawatt nuclear plants • About one gigawatt nuclear plant every day for forty years! • Cost: $5 billion per plant, $80 trillion total

  31. Solar Energy Potential • Theoretical: ~1.7 x105 TW • What is practical achievement? • Efficiency? • Photosynthesis: ~ 90 TW

  32. Photovoltaics Large land area Electricity is product & collected by wires Power conversion & storage needed Cells are efficient, but expensive Energy “pay back” Bioenergy Large land area Biomass is product & collected with machines Biomass to useful liquid fuels occurs in “refinery” Efficiency, cost? Energy “pay back”? Solar Energy

  33. Solar Energy Conversion Works! • Global Energy Consumption: ~14 TW • Global Energy for Human Life, i.e. Food • ~Ten billion people (rounding up) • 100 W/person caloric intake • ~One terrawatt from agriculture • Agricultural productivity increased more than population growth for ~50 years

  34. Storage and Retrieval for Solar and Wind Electrolysis H2O + electricity = H2 + ½O2 Fuel Cells H2 + ½O2 = H2O + electricity

  35. Energy and Environment: New Materials • Architectural materials • Smart windows • Photovoltaics • Lighting • Environmental control systems and devices • Catalysts

  36. Keys to Continued Success • Sustained commitment • Talented people • Capitalize on new science • Build collaborations • Respond to technological changes • Respond to society’s needs • Relentless quest for excellence

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