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Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling

Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling. G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition MATES Chapter 4. Key Concepts. Basic ecological principles. Major components of ecosystems. Matter cycles and energy flow. Ecosystem studies. Ecological services.

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Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling

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  1. Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition MATES Chapter 4 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  2. Key Concepts • Basic ecological principles • Major components of ecosystems • Matter cycles and energy flow • Ecosystem studies • Ecological services SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  3. The Nature of Ecology • Ecosystem organization • Organisms; any form of life • Populations • Same species living in the same area • Communities • Population of all species in an area • Ecosystems • Interaction of all abiotic and biotic in an area • Biosphere zone where life is found Fig. 4-2 p. 66 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  4. The Earth’s Life-Support Systems • Troposphere • Inner layer of Atmosphere • 11 mile s most of the air • Stratosphere • 11-30 miles Ozone • Hydrosphere • Water surface ground • Lithosphere • Crust upper mantle • Biosphere • Living environment Fig. 4-6 p. 68 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  5. Sustaining Life of Earth • One-way flowof energy • Low quality energy lost • as heat • Cycling ofmatter • Earth is fixed from space • molecules, ions, atoms • recycled Fig. 4-7 p. 69 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  6. The Source of Energy Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-8 p. 69

  7. Ecosystem Concepts and Components • Biomes • Classified by • climate • Role of climate • Aquatic life zones • Freshwater • Saltwater SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-9 p. 70

  8. Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones Edge effect One Ecosystem merges with another Fig. 4-10 p. 71 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  9. Principles of Ecological Factors • Abiotic factors • Law of tolerance • Range of tolerance of species • High tolerance to some low to others • Biotic factors • Limiting factors • Ex. Water SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73

  10. The Biotic Components of Ecosystems • Producers(autotrophs) • Photosynthesis • Consumers(heterotrophs) • Aerobicrespiration • Decomposers SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-16 p. 75

  11. Trophic Levels • Primary consumer (herbivore) • Secondary consumer (carnivore) • Tertiary consumer • Omnivore • Detritivores and scavengers • Decomposers SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  12. Biodiversity • Genetic diversity • Variety of genetic material within a population • Why is this important? • Species diversity • Number of species present in a habitat • Ecological diversity • Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems • Functional diversity • The energy flow and matter cycling SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  13. Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems • Food chains • Food webs SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78

  14. Ecological Pyramids • Pyramid ofenergy flow Fig. 4-20 p. 79 • Ecologicalefficiency • Pyramid ofbiomass • Pyramid ofnumbers SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  15. Primary Productivity of Ecosystems • Gross primary productivity (GPP) • Rate at which primary producers convert solar to biomass • Net primary productivity (NPP) • Stored energy minus the rate at which they use Fig. 4-25 p. 81 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  16. Connections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems • Biogeochemical cycles • Hydrologic cycle (H2O) • Atmospheric cycles (C, N) • Sedimentary cycles (P, S) SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  17. Hydrologic (Water) Cycle SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-27 p. 83

  18. The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)Photosynthesis/ cellular Respiration SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85

  19. The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic) SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85

  20. The Nitrogen Cycle Fig. 4-29 p. 86 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  21. The Phosphorus Cycle Sulfate salts Oceans SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-30 p. 88

  22. The Sulfur Cycle -Stored in salts buried under ocean -Enters Atmosphere Hydrogen Sulfide “What Smells?” -Algae produce Dimethyl Sulfide “Nuclei for Clouds” -Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Trioxide to Sulfuric Acid - Bacteria Anaerobic Sulfate to Sulfide and th cycle continues Fig. 4-31 p. 89 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  23. How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems? • Field research • Remote sensing • Geographic information systems (GIS) • Laboratory research • Systems analysis SPRAGUE ENV MATES

  24. GIS and Systems Analysis SPRAGUE ENV MATES Fig. 4-32 p. 91 Fig. 4-33 p. 91

  25. Ecosystem Servicesand Sustainability Fig. 4-34 p. 92 SPRAGUE ENV MATES

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