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Introduction to Management Accounting

Introduction to Management Accounting. Chapter 2. Introduction to Management Accounting. Introduction to Cost Behavior and Cost-Volume Relationships. Learning Objective 1. Cost Drivers and Cost Behavior. Traditional View of Cost Behavior. Activity-Based View of Cost Behavior. Resource A

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Introduction to Management Accounting

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  1. Introduction to Management Accounting

  2. Chapter 2 Introduction to Management Accounting Introduction to Cost Behavior and Cost-Volume Relationships

  3. Learning Objective 1 Cost Drivers and Cost Behavior Traditional View of Cost Behavior Activity-Based View of Cost Behavior Resource A Cost Driver = Units of Resource Output Resource B Cost Driver = Units of Resource Output Resource A Cost Driver = Units of Resource Output Resource B Cost Driver = Units of Resource Output Activity A Cost Driver = Units of Activity Output Activity B Cost Driver = Units of Activity Output Product or Service Cost Driver = Units of Final Product or Service Product or Service Cost Driver = Output of Final Product or Service

  4. Cost Drivers and Cost Behavior Any output measure that causes the use of costly resources is a cost driver. Cost behavior is how the activities of an organization affect its costs.

  5. Value Chain Functions, Costs, and Cost Drivers • Value Chain Function and Example CostsExample Cost Drivers • Research and development • Salaries marketing research personnel Number of new product proposals • costs of market surveys • Salaries of product and process engineers Complexity of proposed products • Design of products, services, and processes • Salaries of product and process engineers Number of engineering hours • Cost of computer-aided design equipment Number of parts per product • Cost to develop prototype of product • for testing

  6. Value Chain Functions, Costs, and Cost Drivers • Value Chain Function and Example CostsExample Cost Drivers • Production • Labor wages Labor hours • Supervisory salaries Number of people supervised • Maintenance wages Number of mechanic hours • Depreciation of plant and machinery Number of machine hours • supplies • Energy cost Kilowatt hours • Marketing • Cost of advertisements Number of advertisements • Salaries of marketing personnel, Sales dollars • travel costs, entertainment costs

  7. Value Chain Functions, Costs, and Cost Drivers • Value chain function and Example costsExample Cost Drivers • Distribution • Wages of shipping personnel Labor hours • Transportation costs including Weight of items delivered • depreciation of vehicles and fuel • Customer service • Salaries of service personnel Hours spent servicing products • Costs of supplies, travel Number of service calls

  8. Learning Objective 2 Variable and Fixed Cost Behavior A variable cost changes in direct proportion to changes in the cost-driver level. A fixed cost is not immediately affected by changes in the cost-driver. Think of variable costs on a per-unit basis. Think of fixed costs on a total-cost basis. The per-unit variable cost remains unchanged regardless of changes in the cost-driver. Total fixed costs remain unchanged regardless of changes in the cost-driver.

  9. Relevant Range The relevant range is the limit of cost-driver activity level within which a specific relationship between costs and the cost driver is valid. Even within the relevant range, a fixed cost remains fixed only over a given period of time Usually the budget period.

  10. Relevant range Fixed Costs and Relevant Range $115,000 Total Monthly Fixed Costs 100,000 60,000 20 40 60 80 100 $115,000 100,000 60,000 20 40 60 80 100 Total Cost-Driver Activity in Thousands of Cases per Month

  11. CVP Scenario Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is the study of the effects of output volume on revenue (sales), expenses (costs), and net income (net profit). Per Unit Percentage of Sales Selling price $1.50 100% Variable cost of each item 1.20 80 Selling price less variable cost $ .30 20% Monthly fixed expenses: Rent $3,000 Wages for replenishing and servicing 13,500 Other fixed expenses 1,500 Total fixed expenses per month $ 18,000

  12. Learning Objective 3 Break-Even Point The break-even point is the level of sales at which revenue equals expenses and net income is zero. Sales - Variable expenses - Fixed expenses Zero net income (break-even point)

  13. Contribution Margin Method Contribution margin Per Unit Selling price $1.50 Variable costs 1.20 Contribution margin $ .30 Contribution margin ratio Per Unit % Selling price 100 Variable costs .80 Contribution margin .20 $18,000 fixed costs ÷ $.30 = 60,000 units (break even)

  14. Contribution Margin Method 60,000 units × $1.50 = $90,000 in sales to break even Or $18,000 fixed costs ÷ 20% (contribution-margin percentage) = $90,000 of sales to break even

  15. Equation Method Let N = number of units to be sold to break even. Sales – variable expenses – fixed expenses = net income $1.50N – $1.20N – $18,000 = 0 $.30N = $18,000 N = $18,000 ÷ $.30 N = 60,000 Units

  16. Equation Method Let S = sales in dollars needed to break even. S – .80S – $18,000 = 0 .20S = $18,000 S = $18,000 ÷ .20 S = $90,000 Shortcut formulas: Break-even volume in units = fixed expenses unit contribution margin Break-even volume in sales = fixed expenses contribution margin ratio

  17. Learning Objective 4 Cost-Volume-Profit Graph A $150,000 Net Income 138,000 Sales C 120,000 Net Income Area D Dollars 90,000 Variable Expenses Total Expenses Break-Even Point 60,000 units or $90,000 60,000 Net Loss Area 30,000 B 18,000 Fixed Expenses 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Units (thousands)

  18. Learning Objective 5 Target Net Profit Managers use CVP analysis to determine the total sales, in units and dollars, needed To reach a target net profit. Target sales – variable expenses – fixed expenses target net income $1,440 per month is the minimum acceptable net income.

  19. Target Net Profit Target sales volume in units = (Fixed expenses + Target net income) ÷ Contribution margin per unit Selling price $1.50 Variable costs 1.20 Contribution margin per unit $ .30 ($18,000 + $1,440) ÷ $.30 = 64,800 units Target sales dollars = sales price X sales volume in units Target sales dollars = $1.50 X 64,800 units = $97,200.

  20. Target Net Profit Contribution margin ratio Per Unit % Selling price 100 Variable costs .80 Contribution margin .20 Or Target sales volume in dollars = Fixed expenses + target net income contribution margin ratio Sales volume in dollars = 18,000 + $1,440 = $97,200 .20

  21. Operating Leverage Operating leverage: a firm’s ratio of fixed costs to variable costs. Highly leveraged firms have high fixed costs and low variable costs. A small change in sales volume = a large change in net income. Low leveraged firms have lower fixed costs and higher variable costs. Changes in sales volume will have a smaller effect on net income. Margin of safety = planned unit sales – break-even sales How far can sales fall below the planned level before losses occur?

  22. Learning Objective 6 Contribution Marginand Gross Margin Sales price – Cost of goods sold = Gross margin Sales price - all variable expenses = Contribution margin Per Unit Selling price $1.50 Variable costs (acquisition cost) 1.20 Contribution margin and gross margin are equal $ .30

  23. Contribution Margin and Gross Margin Suppose the firm had to pay a commission of $.12 per unit sold. Contribution Gross Margin Margin Per UnitPer Unit Sales $1.50 $1.50 Acquisition cost of unit sold 1.20 1.20 Variable commission .12 Total variable expense $1.32 Contribution margin .18 Gross margin $.30

  24. Nonprofit Application Suppose a city has a $100,000 lump-sum budget appropriation to conduct a counseling program. Variable costs per prescription is $400 per patient per day. Fixed costs are $60,000 in the relevant range of 50 to 150 patients.

  25. Nonprofit Application If the city spends the entire budget appropriation, how many patients can it serve in a year? $100,000 = $400N + $60,000 $400N = $100,000 – $60,000 N = $40,000 ÷ $400 N = 100 patients

  26. Nonprofit Application If the city cuts the total budget Appropriation by 10%, how many Patients can it serve in a year? Budget after 10% Cut $100,000 X (1 - .1) = $90,000 $90,000 = $400N + $60,000 $400N = $90,000 – $60,000 N = $30,000 ÷ $400 N = 75 patients

  27. Learning Objective 7 Sales Mix Analysis Sales mix is the relative proportions or combinations of quantities of products that comprise total sales.

  28. Sales Mix Analysis Ramos Company Example Wallets (W) Key Cases (K) Total Sales in units 300,000 75,000 375,000 Sales @ $8 and $5 $2,400,000 $375,000 $2,775,000 Variable expenses @ $7 and $3 2,100,000 225,000 2,325,000 Contribution margins @ $1 and $2 $ 300,000 $150,000 $ 450,000 Fixed expenses 180,000 Net income $ 270,000

  29. Sales Mix Analysis Let K = number of units of K to break even, and 4K = number of units of W to break even. Break-even point for a constant sales mix of 4 units of W for every unit of K. sales – variable expenses - fixed expenses = zero net income [$8(4K) + $5(K)] – [$7(4K) + $3(K)] – $180,000 = 0 32K + 5K - 28K - 3K - 180,000 = 0 6K = 180,000 K = 30,000 W = 4K = 120,000

  30. Sales Mix Analysis If the company sells only key cases: break-even point = fixed expenses contribution margin per unit = $180,000 $2 = 90,000 key cases If the company sells only wallets: break-even point = fixed expenses contribution margin per unit = $180,000 $1 = 180,000 wallets

  31. Sales Mix Analysis Suppose total sales were equal to the budget of 375,000 units. However, Ramos sold only 50,000 key cases And 325,000 wallets. What is net income?

  32. Sales Mix Analysis Ramos Company Example Wallets (W) Key Cases (K) Total Sales in units 325,000 50,000 375,000 Sales @ $8 and $5 $2,600,000 $250,000 $2,850,000 Variable expenses @ $7 and $3 2,275,000 150,000 2,425,000 Contribution margins @ $1 and $2 $ 325,000 $100,000 $ 425,000 Fixed expenses 180,000 Net income $ 245,000

  33. Learning Objective 8 Impact of Income Taxes Suppose that a company earns $480 before taxes and pays income tax at a rate of 40%. What is the after-tax income?

  34. Impact of Income Taxes Target income before taxes = Target after-tax net income 1 – tax rate Suppose the target net income after taxes was $288. Target income before taxes = $ 288 = $480 1 – 0.40

  35. Impact of Income Taxes Target sales – Variable expenses – Fixed expenses = Target after-tax net income ÷ (1 – tax rate) $.50N – $.40N – $6,000 = $288 ÷ (1 – 0.40) $.10N = $6,000 + ($288/.6) $.06N = $3,600 + $288 = $3,888 N = $3,888/$.06 N = 64,800 units

  36. Impact of Income Taxes Suppose target net income after taxes was $480 $.50N – $.40N – $6,000 = $480 ÷ (1 – 0.40) $.10N = $6,000 + ($480/.6) $.06N = $3,600 + $480 = $4080 N = $4,080 ÷ $.06 N = 68,000 units

  37. The End End of Chapter 2

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