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Solar Energy V

Solar Energy V. Biomass. Do you support the use of corn to produce ethanol as a fuel?. Yes No. Would you be willing to pay more for a biofuel to power you car?. Yes No. How much more would you be willing to pay?. None, I want the cheapest fuel possible 10% 25% 50% More the 50%.

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Solar Energy V

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  1. Solar Energy V Biomass

  2. Do you support the use of corn to produce ethanol as a fuel? • Yes • No

  3. Would you be willing to pay more for a biofuel to power you car? • Yes • No

  4. How much more would you be willing to pay? • None, I want the cheapest fuel possible • 10% • 25% • 50% • More the 50%

  5. Biomass energy is that energy derived from living matter such as field crops (corn, soy beans, etc.), trees, water plants, agricultural and forestry waste, and municipal solid waste (garbage). • Can be used as a solid (wood chips) liquid (alcohol) and gaseous (methane) fuel. • Until ~1880 biomass was the prime fuel in the US.

  6. Neat Aside Plastics from biomass, like some recently developed to dissolve in seawater, are made the same way as petroleum-based plastics. These plastics are actually cheaper to manufacture and meet or exceed most performance standards, but they lack the same water resistance or longevity as conventional plastics

  7. Currently provides 3% of US energy needs and can provide several times the output expected from wind and photovoltaics. • Has the potential to provide between 4 and 25% of our energy needs. • Sweden and Finland use Biomass for 14% of their energy needs.

  8. Basic Energy Storage Mechanism • Photosynthesis: • CO2+H2O+light O2+Carbohydrates • Reverse Process is called respiration. • Since Carbon is taken out of the atmosphere during photosynthesis and is put back when “fuel” is used, there is no net addition of Carbon to the atmosphere on a yearly average.

  9. 20% of the land in the 48 states is cropland and 30% is commercial forest and woodland. • Common crops used for Biofuels include corn, soybeans, sugar cane, sugar beets and oats. Other potentials are switch grass and algae. • The US has over 1 billion acres of land suitable for growing biomass.

  10. Forestland and agricultural land could potentially supply 1.3 billion tons of dry biomass per year. • This is enough to replace one third of our current demand for transportation fuel. • This would significantly cut imports as well as reducing pollution.

  11. OLD EXPECTATIONS • Biomass fuel would require only modest changes in growing practices and would not impact food, feed and export demand. • Very positive effect on rural economy since it produces new markets.

  12. RealitiesFirst Generation Biofuels Increased demand bio-fuel feedstock will lead prices for such grain to significantly increase. Expanding biofuel production is also projected to cause the price of livestock production to increase. This increase would lead to a decrease in livestock production and ultimately decrease the income of livestock producers, affecting families globally.

  13. Increased agricultural prices provide incentives for farmers to stray away from producing other less profitable grains, causing a shift in the crop production structure, leading to a decrease in agricultural diversity subsequently diverting food away from the human food chain.

  14. For the US to meet its biofuel target, 40% of the land that is currently devoted to corn production would have to be converted to biofuel feedstock production Shifts in crop production and the changes in world price of agricultural commodities due to the expansion of the biofuel market are expected to have global impacts on consumers. Individuals who are food insecure will be more heavily impacted by the increase in world prices; food price volatility has the largest impact on the extremely poor, those who spend 55-75% of their income on food [

  15. Ethanol • Ethanol production was 3.4 billion gallons in 2004 and has be growing by 20% per year. • Based on the fermentation of plant mater. • It can be made from a lot of different crops. US uses mostly corn, Brazil uses sugarcane, France uses wheat and sugar beats

  16. Flow diagram for the production of ethanol.

  17. Ethanol Plants in the US

  18. Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert dedicating a new ethanol plant in Illinois.

  19. Most ethanol is used as a transportation fuel/gasoline additive. • Currently we use E10 fuel. 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol. • No special requirements for using E10. • Flex-fuel cars can use up to E85. • Potential to use ethanol in fuel cells in the future.

  20. Comparison of Gasoline/Ethanol • Ethanol has the higher octane rating. • Ethanol is cleaner burning (less soot) • Ethanol has no visible flame (potential hazard) • Ethanol has ~1/2 the energy content per gallon as gasoline. • Ethanol is less expensive per gallon. • Ethanol is highly corrosive (Need special engines to run on pure ethanol.) • Ethanol has a lower evaporation rate. (Harder to start on cold days.)

  21. Biodiesel • A variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel. • Virgin oil feedstock e.g.rapeseed and soybean oils • Waste vegetable oil (WVO); • Animal • Algae, which can be grown using waste materials such as • Oil from halophytes such as salicorniabigelovii, which can be grown using saltwater

  22. Algae Biodiesel Currently too expensive to compete BUT HAS A LOT OF ADVANTAGES Can be produced using land that is not suitable for agriculture. Does not affect fresh water resources, Can be produced using ocean and wastewater, and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled

  23. Costs more per unit mass yet can yield over 30 times more energy per unit area than other biofuel crops The US DOE estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles. This is less than 1⁄7 the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000.

  24. Biodiesel from bacteria Genetically modified cyanobacteria secretes ethanol and bio-diesel. Requires a concentrated CO2 environment Targeted goal is “15,000 gallons of diesel and 25,000 gallons of ethanol per acre per year Claim made by the company is that diesel could be produced for $30/barrel equivalent.

  25. Municipal Solid Waste • ~30% of all municipal waste is recycled. • We still need to process the other 70%. • Either bury it in landfills or burn it. • Energy content per pound of MSW is ~1/3 that of good coal (4300 Btu/lb)

  26. Major concerns deal with air pollution during combustion. • A lot of potential “bad stuff” in garbage. • Pollution control devices are very expensive. • Many plants essentially break even on their energy production

  27. Big Stone MSW Power Plant in South Dakota.

  28. Wood burning power plants • Typically smaller scale power plants. (10’s of MW.) • In house energy production

  29. Hydrogen • There is a lot of future potential for using Hydrogen. • It is a good way to store energy, but it is NOT a new energy resource. • Potential use in fuel cells. • Transportation/storage is a concern.

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