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Exploring Nuclear Chemistry: Types, Kinetics, Fission, Fusion

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  1. Chapter 19 Nuclear Chemistry Suroviec Spring 2015

  2. I. Types of Radiation • Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Bequerel and further work was done by Curie and Rutherford.

  3. A X Mass Number Element Symbol Z Atomic Number A. Isotope review

  4. B. Alpha decay • Alpha decay occurs when an unstable nucleus emits a particle composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

  5. C. Beta decay • Beta decay occurs when an unstable nucleus emits an electron

  6. D. Gamma rays • Gamma ray emission is a high energy/short wavelength electromagnetic radiation.

  7. E. Positron emission • Positron emission occurs when an unstable nucleus emits a positron

  8. F. Electron capture • Electron capture involves a particle being absorbed by instead of ejected from an unstable nucleus

  9. II. Kinetics of radioactivity • Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission by unstable nuclei of particle or electromagnetic radiation to get to a stable configuration. • All radioactive decay is first order kinetics

  10. Example • A tree sample has an activity of 10.1 atoms/min of carbon. If a living tree has a decay rate of 15.3 atoms/min, how old is the tree sample?

  11. Example • Americium-241 is used in smoke detectors. Its half life is 432 years. How long will it take for 33% of the Am-241 to decay (in years)?

  12. III. Fission • Enrico Fermi tried to synthesize a new element by bombarding uranium with neutrons

  13. A. Nuclear power • Fission can be used to make a bomb, but in that case all of the energy is released at once.

  14. IV. Nuclear Fusion • Fusion is the combination of 2 nuclei to form a heavier nuclei.

  15. IV. Radiation in everyday life Relative Biological Effectiveness Radiation absorbed dose (rad) 1 rad = 1 x 10-5 J/g of material g-ray = 1 Roentgen equivalent for man (rem) b = 1 1 rem = 1 rad x RBE a = 20

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  17. A. Uses in Medicine • It is immensely useful to use radioactivity in medical diagnosis

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