1. THERMAL PHYSICS Beginning Definition Thermal Physics is the study of large numbers of particles (1023) using laws and models that are formulated using measurable physical variables such as: energy, velocity, temperature, volume, pressure, momentum, heat capacity,

2. THERMAL PHYSICS • efficiency, probability of occurrence, • distribution of velocities, vapor pressure, voltage difference, power, etc.. One can use these variables to describe the properties of solids, and fluids and other entities such as a white dwarf star in terms of a degenerate gas, paramagnetism in terms of an

3. THERMAL PHYSICS Einstein Gas, ferromagnetism in terms of the Ising Model. One can explain how to create efficient engines, refrigeration, and explain hurricanes in terms of an ideal Carnot Engine, fuel cells in terms of its energy production as well as the very cold solid, the Bose-Einstein Condensation. There are applications in every natural science and engineering.

4. THERMAL PHYSICS • How is thermodynamics connected to the other areas of Physics and what are the areas in thermodynamics? • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html • As you can see there are four laws in thermodynamics: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 0th laws

5. THERMAL PHYSICS • How are other areas of physics connected to Thermal Physics? • Classical Mechanics  Kinetic Theory of Gases Conservation of Energy and Momentum m, v, mv, Iω, KE  T, PE  PV Quantum Mechanics  Fermi and Bose- Einstein gases and solids.

6. THERMAL PHYSICS • Acoustics  Thermoacoustics • Energy, Heat • Electromagnetism  Radiation, Thermoelectricity, • Paramagnetism & Ferromagnetism (Phase Changes)

7. THERMAL PHYSICS • States and Phases of Matter • Fluids (liquids, gases and plasmas)  Convection and diffusion • Plasmas  Radiation • Solids  Conduction • HyperEnergy (Big Bang)  Radiation and Thermal Eras • Phases of Matter  solid, liquid, gas, vapor, plasma, and mixtures

8. THERMAL PHYSICS • CONTROLING FACTORS Energy • KE  T, PE  Latent Heat, Chemical E • Non- Equilibrium  Equilibrium = T • Temperature Changes  Phase & Chemical Changes • Energy Movement  Heating • Conduction and Radiation • Particle Movement  Convection & Diffusion

9. THERMAL PHYSICS • Mathematical Formulation • When working with large number of particles one may use: • Large Number Mathematics (approximations, ln, factorals, Γ fctn) • Statistics (Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac Distributions) • Partial differentials, and integral calculus