4 th EDITION

1. College Algebra & Trigonometry and Precalculus 4th EDITION

2. 1.3 Complex Numbers Basic Concepts of Complex Numbers Operations on Complex Numbers

3. Basic Concepts of Complex Numbers There are no real numbers for the solution of the equation To extend the real number system to include such numbers as, the number i is defined to have the following property;

4. Basic Concepts of Complex Numbers So… The number iis called the imaginary unit. Numbers of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers are called complex numbers. In this complex number, a is the real part and b is the imaginary part.

5. Nonreal complex numbers a + bi, b ≠ 0 Complex numbers a + bi, a and b real Irrational numbers Real numbers a + bi, b = 0 Integers Rational numbers Non-integers

6. Basic Concepts of Complex Numbers Two complex numbers are equal provided that their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal; if and only if and

7. Basic Concepts of Complex Numbers For complex number a + bi, if b = 0, then a + bi = a So, the set of real numbers is a subset of complex numbers.

8. Basic Concepts of Complex Numbers If a = 0 and b ≠ 0, the complex number is pure imaginary. A pure imaginary number or a number, like 7 + 2i with a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0, is a nonreal complex number. The forma+ bi (or a + ib) is called standard form.

9. THE EXPRESSION

10. WRITING AS Example 1 Write as the product of a real number and i, using the definition of a. Solution:

11. WRITING AS Example 1 Write as the product of a real number and i, using the definition of b. Solution:

12. WRITING AS Example 1 Write as the product of a real number and i, using the definition of c. Solution: Product rule for radicals

13. Operations on Complex Numbers Products or quotients with negative radicands are simplified by first rewriting for a positive number. Then the properties of real numbers are applied, together with the fact that

14. Operations on Complex Numbers Caution When working with negative radicands, use the definition… before using any of the other rules for radicands.

15. Operations on Complex Numbers Caution In particular, the rule is valid only when c and d are not both negative. while so

16. FINDING PRODUCTS AND QUOTIENTS INVOLVING NEGATIVE RADICALS Example 2 Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each answer. a. Solution: First write all square roots in terms ofi. i 2 = −1

17. FINDING PRODUCTS AND QUOTIENTS INVOLVING NEGATIVE RADICALS Example 2 Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each answer. b. Solution:

18. FINDING PRODUCTS AND QUOTIENTS INVOLVING NEGATIVE RADICALS Example 2 Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each answer. c. Solution: Quotient rule for radicals

19. FINDING PRODUCTS AND QUOTIENTS INVOLVING NEGATIVE RADICALS Example 2 Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each answer. d. Solution:

20. SIMPLIFYING A QUOTIENT INVOLVING A NEGATIVE RADICAND Example 3 Write in standard form a + bi. Solution:

21. SIMPLIFYING A QUOTIENT INVOLVING A NEGATIVE RADICAND Example 3 Write in standard form a + bi. Solution: Be sure to factor before simplifying Factor. Lowest terms

22. Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers For complex numbers a + bi and c + di, and

23. ADDING AND SUBTRACTING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 4 Find each sum or difference. a. Add imaginary parts. Add real parts. Solution: Commutative, associative, distributive properties

24. ADDING AND SUBTRACTING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 4 Find each sum or difference. b. Solution:

25. ADDING AND SUBTRACTING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 4 Find each sum or difference. c. Solution:

26. ADDING AND SUBTRACTING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 4 Find each sum or difference. d. Solution:

27. Multiplication of Complex Numbers The product of two complex numbers is found by multiplying as if the numbers were binomials and using the fact that i2= –1, as follows. FOIL Distributive property; i 2 =–1

28. Multiplication of Complex Numbers For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,

29. MULTIPLYING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 5 Find each product. a. Solution: FOIL i2 = −1

30. MULTIPLYING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 5 Find each product. b. Solution: Square of a binomial Remember to add twice the product of the two terms. i 2 = −1

31. MULTIPLYING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 5 Find each product. c. Solution: Product of the sum and difference of two terms i 2 = −1 Standard form

32. Simplifying Powers of i Powers of i can be simplified using the facts

33. SIMPLIFYING POWERS OF i Example 6 Simplify each power of i. a. Solution: Since i 2 = –1 and i 4 = 1, write the given power as a product involving i 2 or i 4. For example, Alternatively, using i4 and i3 to rewrite i15 gives

34. SIMPLIFYING POWERS OF i Example 6 Simplify each power of i. b. Solution:

35. Powers of i and so on.

36. Ex 5c. showed that… The numbers differ only in the sign of their imaginary parts and are called complex conjugates. The product of a complex number and its conjugate is always a real number. This product is the sum of squares of real and imaginary parts.

37. Property of Complex Conjugates For real numbers a and b,

38. DIVIDING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 7 Write each quotient in standard form a + bi. a. Solution: Multiply by the complex conjugate of the denominator in both the numerator and the denominator. Multiply.

39. DIVIDING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 7 Write each quotient in standard form a + bi. a. Solution: Multiply. i 2 = −1

40. DIVIDING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 7 Write each quotient in standard form a + bi. a. Solution: i 2 = −1

41. DIVIDING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 7 Write each quotient in standard form a + bi. a. Solution: Lowest terms; standard form

42. DIVIDING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 7 Write each quotient in standard form a + bi. b. Solution: –i is the conjugate of i.

43. DIVIDING COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 7 Write each quotient in standard form a + bi. b. Solution: Standard form i 2 = −1(−1) = 1