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Behavioral Theory

Behavioral Theory. Part 2. Reinforcers and Punishers. A reinforcer INCREASES behavior A punisher DECREASES behavior. Types of Reinforcers. Positive reinforcers: Desired behavior a reward= causes an increase in future performance of desired behavior Negative reinforcers

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Behavioral Theory

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  1. Behavioral Theory Part 2

  2. Reinforcers and Punishers • A reinforcerINCREASESbehavior • A punisher DECREASES behavior

  3. Types of Reinforcers • Positive reinforcers: • Desired behavior a reward= causes an increase in future performance of desired behavior • Negative reinforcers • Negative stimulus desired behavior removal of stimulus= increase in future performance of desired behavior

  4. Extinction • The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn. • Rarely a smooth process • Typically a burst, then gradual decrease • Locked door example

  5. Let’s Practice Positive and Negative Reinforcement • The beeping in your car to buckle your seat belt • Giving students praise after they clear their desks and wait quietly for directions • Chance to get out of time-out for good behavior

  6. Reinforcement • The Premack Principleis when a preferred activity is a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity • Often referred to as “Grandma’s Rule” • “If you eat your broccoli then you can have ice cream” • If-----Then

  7. Reinforcers for the Classroom • Praise • Attention • Grades and recognition • Call home • Home-based reinforcement • Privileges • Activity reinforcers (earn free time or recess) • Tangible reinforcers (tickets, points, or stickers) • Food • Best way to determine possible reinforcers for your students is to observe what students choose to do in their free time

  8. Schedules of Reinforcement • Ratiorefers to number of times behavior occurs • Interval refers to period of time

  9. Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Ratio- a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of behaviors (ex- “As soon as you finish 10 problems, you can go outside”) • Variable Ratio- the number of behaviors required for reinforcement is unpredictable, but it is certain that the behaviors will be reinforced. Produce high and stable rates of behavior; hard to extinct behavior (ex- randomly checking student work). • Fixed Interval- Reinforcement is available only at certain periodic times (ex- final exam) • Variable Interval- Reinforcement is available at some times but not at others, and we have no idea when a behavior will be reinforced (ex- Obey traffic laws because you know the police randomly check compliance).

  10. Schedules of Reinforcement • Show what you know! • Slot machine that pay off after an indeterminate number of uses • Pay check • Putting money in a coke machine • Pop quiz • Raising hand to give an answer

  11. What are some “Practical Reinforcers” for teachers to use in the classroom?

  12. Punishment • Punishment: A punisher should DECREASE an undesirable behavior • If an apparently unpleasant consequence does not reduce the frequency of the behavior then it is not necessarily a punisher. • For example, some students like to be sent out to the hall or to the principal’s office because it releases them from the classroom; in this cases this would not be a punisher

  13. Punishment • Examples of punishers • Scolding (Embarrassment) • Taking away privileges • Time-out or “social isolation”: removing a student from a situation who is misbehaving • More effective for younger children • Frequently used in special education classes • The length of time-out should be the child’s age (ex- a 6 year old should be in time-out for 6 minutes) • Place them in an uninteresting room • Ensure that the student remain in the time-out situation

  14. What can Behavioral theories can you identify in this video? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk

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