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Human Sexuality

Human Sexuality. Chapter 5: Gender and Gender Roles. Gender: Topic Areas. Impact of gender on human development Gender and sexual development Biological and cultural perspectives Sexual orientation Gender stereotypes and health Gender socialization Gender variance and gender identity

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Human Sexuality

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  1. Human Sexuality Chapter 5: Gender and Gender Roles

  2. Gender: Topic Areas • Impact of gender on human development • Gender and sexual development • Biological and cultural perspectives • Sexual orientation • Gender stereotypes and health • Gender socialization • Gender variance and gender identity • Biological differences: brain, hormones, anatomy

  3. Sex • Sex: biologically male or female, based on chromosomes and anatomy • Genetics: XX or XY • Anatomical: genitals/bodily differences

  4. Gender • Gender: a social construct; related to notions of masculinity and femininity • Gender Identity: the gender one believes oneself to be

  5. Gender • Gender roles: attitudes, behaviors, rights and responsibilities assigned to us based on our sex • Varies by culture

  6. Gender • Gender-role stereotypes: rigidly held, oversimplified beliefs about sex appropriate behavior.

  7. Gender • Gender-role attitudes: our personal perspectives/beliefs about sex appropriate behavior • Gender-role behaviors: activities/behaviors we engage in as influenced by our sex/gender

  8. Gender • Gender presentation: how our sex/gender is perceived by others • Based on our physical appearance, movements, habits, personality, etc. • Baby X study

  9. Gender:Congruence and Incongruence • Biological, cultural, psychological, and social contexts of gender • These contexts can be congruent or incongruent • Examples?

  10. Gender Variations • Some do not conform to socially/culturally constructed gender norms • How are such violations represented in dominant discourses? • Psychological impact of gender variations?

  11. Social Construction ofGender Identity • U.S.: gender identity- internalized by age 2 • East African societies: boys is a “woman-child” until an initiation rite which makes him a man • Mundugumor of New Guinea: women are expected to be violent/aggressive

  12. Instrumentality and Expressiveness • Instrumentality: being task-oriented; stereotypically applied to males • Expressiveness: being emotionally oriented/focused; stereotypically applied to females • “Gender Quotient Test”

  13. Gender Stereotypes and Sexual Orientation • Ex. Gay men are not masculine; Lesbian women are not feminine • Gay people may have more flexible interpretations of gender roles and expectations (Lippa, 2000)

  14. Cognitive Social Learning Theory • Albert Bandura • We “learn” gender as a result of: • Reinforcements and consequences • Imitation/modeling and observation • The social world provides many models and messages about gender • Body image: “Women’s Ideal Bodies”

  15. Cognitive-Developmental Theory • Developmental level impacts cognitive processing of gender • Understanding gender in developmental perspective

  16. Gender Schemas • Mental frameworks for understanding gender • Accounts for gender stereotypes

  17. Social Constructionism • Cultures invent or “construct” notions of gender • Mediated by language and social systems

  18. Social Constructionism • Feminist Studies • Post-Modern Approaches • Queer Theory

  19. Social Constructionism and Identity • (Cohen & Savin-Williams, 1996) • Many sexual minority youth are not identifying as gay • Rejection of the social construction of sexual orientation

  20. Contextual Influences on Gender • Parents “socialize” gender • Messages about gender appropriate behavior • Directing children to gender appropriate toys

  21. Parents “Socialize” Gender • Differential language for the same behavior: “active” boy vs. a girl who is a “tomboy” • Directing children toward gender appropriate activities (I.e. helping mom in the kitchen)

  22. Gender Socialization • Peers: peer pressure, reinforce gender norms • Teachers: differential treatment based on gender? Classroom reinforcement • Media: gender roles and stereotypes

  23. Sexual “Scripts” • Script: acts/rules/expectations associated with a particular role (male and female “scripts”) • Men/women are impacted by certain “scripts” internalized from social interactions

  24. Male Sexual Scripts(Zilbergeld, 1992) • Men should not have/express certain feelings • Sex is for physicality • Men are in charge

  25. Male Sexual Scripts • Men always want and are ready for sex • Men should be sexually skilled and successful in sexual interactions

  26. Female Sexual Scripts(Barbach, 2001) • Sex is good and bad (good in the context of a marriage, stigmatized elsewhere) • Masturbation is stigmatized • Sex is for men; women are sexually passive (nurturers)

  27. Female Sexual Scripts • Women should not articulate their needs/desires • Women shouldn’t discuss sex • Women should look like models

  28. Androgyny • Both instrumental and expressive traits • Flexibility in gender roles

  29. Intersexed People • Ambiguous genitalia • 1 in every 2,000 births • Due to genetic or hormonal factors

  30. Intersexed People • Sex chromosomes, external genitalia, or internal reproductive system • Underdeveloped penis or enlarged clitoris

  31. Intersexed People:Chromosomal Abnormalities • Turner Syndrome: • XO • 1 in 2,000 births • Female external genitalia, no ovaries

  32. Turner Syndrome • Secondary sexual development cannot occur; no menstruation • Short • Treated with hormonal therapy • Infertility

  33. Klinefelter Syndrome • XXY;XXXY;XXXXY • 1 in 1,000 births • Male genitalia (small penis) • Female characteristics: breasts

  34. Klinefelter Syndrome • Sparse body hair • Learning disabilities • Low sex drive, sexual dysfunction

  35. Intersexed People:Hormonal Disorders • Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome: • (testicular feminization) • Inherited condition; passed on through X chromosomes

  36. Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome • 1 in 13,000 individuals • Genetically male • Born with undescended testes (inside the abdomen) • estrogen is prevalent in the body

  37. Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome • Vagina and labia, but no female internal reproductive structures • Secondary female characteristics develop during puberty, without pubic hair

  38. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia • Genetic female • Ovaries • Malfunctioning adrenal gland • Develops externally as a male

  39. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia • 1 in 13,000 births • Penis and empty scrotum • External genitalia are ambiguous • Often assigned “female”

  40. DHT Deficiency • Unable to convert testosterone to DHT • Internal male organs • Ambiguous external genitalia (looking more female)

  41. DHT Deficiency • Begin to look male during puberty (genitalia and physical development)

  42. Gender Identity Disorder • Cross-gender identification • Discomfort with one’s assigned gender • Psychological distress

  43. Transsexuality • Gender identity and sexual anatomy are not compatible • Different from homosexuality

  44. Transgendered People • Arguably the most stigmatized sexual minority

  45. Transgendered People • An umbrella term; inclusive • Flexibility in terms of gender and social identity • Move toward transgender rights; legal to fire transgender people in many states

  46. Positioning Theory • Rom Harre • We “position” ourselves and others in discourse • Power relationships

  47. Positioning Theory • Ex. Positioning oneself as an expert, others as uninformed • Ex. Positioning oneself as masculine, another male as powerless/emasculated

  48. Masculinity • How does culture/society construct masculinity? • Dominant discourses on masculinity • Contested discourses on masculinity

  49. Masculinity • How are constructions of masculinity sustained and reproduced?

  50. Hyper-masculinity • Exaggerated, stereotypical male behavior • Aggression • Strength • Dominance

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