Growth of global tourism

2. Growth of global tourism The year 2007 exceeded the expectations for international tourism with arrivals reaching new record figures close to 900 million. In 2005, world tourism receipts was $787 billion dollars, making tourism the world's number one export earner, ahead of automotive products, chemicals, petroleum and food.

3. Growth of global tourism

4. Growth of global tourism Why so low? Why so high?

5. Growth of global tourism - Arrivals

6. Growth of global tourism - Receipts

8. Who are the top spenders?

9. Growth of global tourism What would cause tourist arrivals numbers to fluctuate?

10. Growth of global tourism • Factors causing growth: • rising disposable income • Increasing leisure time • transportation improvements - speed, size andcosts • higher levels of education • growth/marketing of mass tourism by TNC • LEDCs promoting tourism as a means to harnesseconomic development • others????

11. Growth of global tourism • Factors causing growth: • Increasing leisure time due to less work and less work because of ...

12. Increasing leisure time due to less work and… • reduced number of farmers • strength of unions • increased efficiency in production • automation • doctor’s prescription for stress • time off instead of overtime due to taxation • paid vacations • job sharing • early retirement

13. Growth of global tourism Transportation improvements - speed, size and costs

14. Growth of global tourism Transportation improvements - speed, size and costs

15. Tourism is both leisure and work

16. Recent changes in the tourist industry • Expansion of tourism: • exotic and remote destinations - Dani - Irian Jaya • eco-tourism • extreme tourism - Space travel! • Eco-tourism and Sustainable Development • Involves travel to natural destinations • Minimizes Impact • Builds environmental awareness • Provides direct financial benefits for conservation • Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people What are the causes for change?

17. Recent changes in the tourist industry Rising Education Level: the single most significant factor that influences cultural participation, environmental concern, affluence -- and travel. • Increasing Age: • Many baby-boomers are in their mid-forties. • This group also has more available time than they had previously • They are at the peaks of their careers and possess the highest earning power of their lives • In twenty-five years, 54 percent of the population of the United States will be over the age of fifty From: http://www.lord.ca

18. Recent changes in the tourist industry • Increasing Economic Role of Women: • More women are working, earning more money • Women typically make the decisions regarding the educational experiences of their children and set vacation plans - • Who makes the vacation decisions in your home? • Importance of Quality: • Increasingly sophisticated consumers want: • sophisticated tourism infrastructure: good roads, hotels, and other necessary amenities. • Such as what?

19. Recent changes in the tourist industry • Changing Leisure Patterns: • With all of the publicity about exposure to ultra-violet radiation and ozone depletion, visitors may not want to spend all of their vacation on the beach or outdoors. • Activities are likely to include indoor pursuits, such as those afforded by historic homes and reconstructed sites. • Advances in Global Communications: • The age of information has brought about an increasing awareness of social issues. • Visitors will be better informed and more demanding of accountability.

20. Recent changes in the tourist industry • Changing Leisure Patterns: • Proliferation of travel options: Competition will be keen for resort locations like Phuket to retain their tourist market. Caribbean basin countries and other ELDCs located in the “sunbelt” are establishing significant tourism programs capiitalizing on their natural and cultural attributes and are promoting them effectively. • Increasing importance of International tourism: the rise of international tourism represents a tremendous opportunity to access an affluent, educated, sophisticated consumer

21. Money Lost through leakages New Hotel Sets Up Creates Jobs directly in the hotel Local businesses supply services Other companies are attracted to the area When workers spend their wages, yet more jobs are created and then there are their taxes Taxes spent on improving the infrastructure, image and tourist services The area becomes a more popular tourist attraction Tourism as a multiplier effect The multiplier effect More jobs are indirectly created

22. Costs of tourism to the destination • Economic costs: • leakage of revenue abroad through involvement of TNCs, • the seasonal nature of employment • the development of wealthy tourist enclaves and neglected peripheries - Club Med!

23. Costs of tourism to the destination Aircon from Canada Elevators from Japan Curtains from France Carpets from NZ Inter-com from UK Alarm system from Italy Leakage of revenue Computers from USA A study of tourism 'leakage' in Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand (via foreign-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food, etc.). Sustainable Living Lighting from Holland Automatic doors from Belgium Whisky from Scotland Food from Australia Van from Germany Vodka from Russia

24. Costs of tourism to the destination • Social costs • the dilution or "McDonaldization" of culture • the breakdown in family values • the growth of crime, alcohol, drugs, prostitution and diseases including, AIDS

25. Costs of tourism to the destination • Environmental costs • the destruction of local habitats: • land • air • water pollution

26. Tourism as a multiplier effect The multiplier effect