Age of Revolutions

1. Age of Revolutions Scientific Revolution

2. What was it? the period roughly between 1500 and 1700 during which the foundations of modern science were laid down in Western Europe Influenced by the Renaissance Curiosity, investigation, and critical approach Scholars no longer wanted to rely on the explanations that ancient or religious beliefs told them People began experiments and mathematics to explain mysteries of the unknown People move away from mysticism, superstition and ignorance Scientific Revolution

3. Nicolas Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory Dispelled old geocentric theory (earth is center of universe) Johannes Kepler: Discovered planetary motion Galileo Galilee: Used telescope to support/prove heliocentric theory Challenge of the Church’s stance that Earth was the center of the universe was an essential aspect of the Scientific Revolution Isaac Newton: Discovered Laws of Gravity Formulated basics of physics William Harvey: Discovered circulation of the blood and expanded knowledge of how the heart worked There were many more… too many to name Who were some important figures?

4. Pioneers of the scientific revolution • Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory • Johannes Kepler: Discovered planetary motion • Galileo Galilei: Used telescope to support heliocentric theory • Isaac Newton: Discovered Laws of Gravity • William Harvey: Discovered circulation of the blood

5. The Roots of Modern Science • The Medieval View • Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources. • Supports geocentrictheory—moon, sun, planets revolve around earth

6. The Roots of Modern Science • A New Way of Thinking • Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking (1300-1600) • Scientific Revolution—new way of viewing the natural world—based on observation and inquiry • New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking • Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics.

7. Pioneers of the scientific revolution • Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory

8. Copernicus • 1473 -1543 • His “heliocentric” model of the universe removed men from the center of everything • His ideas were in direct conflict with the Bible and the accepted assumptions of the Catholic Church

9. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • The Heliocentric Theory • Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate • Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory—planets revolve around the sun • Later scientists mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct Nicolaus Copernicus

10. Johannes Kepler • 1571 -1630..student of Brahe • Discovered planetary motion • Elliptical, not circular…fan of Copernicus • His 3 new laws were based on mathematical relationships….

11. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Used telescope to support heliocentric theory and discover 4 moons of Jupiter

12. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • Galileo’s Discoveries • Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances in astronomy. • He makes discovery about planet surfaces • supports heliocentric theory • 4 moons of Jupiter (Jupiter has 8 moons) • Sun spots Galileo Galilei

13. Galileo and the Inquisition, 1633… • Conflict with the Church • Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith • Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong • On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition

14. Isaac Newton: GRAVITY • 1642-1726 (born same year Galileo died) • Removes last doubts over HELIOCENTRIC model of the universe

15. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity • Newton’s Theories • English scientist Isaac Newton develops theory of motion—states some forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, and earth • LAW OF GRAVITY Isaac Newton in 1689

16. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity • Newton’s Theories (continued) • Motion in space and earth linked by the law of universal gravitation—holds that every object is universe attracts every other object • Newton views the universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock Isaac Newton in 1702

17. William Harvey: 1578-1657 • Discovered circulation of the blood and the role of the heart

18. The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Medicine and the Human Body • Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of anatomy Andreas Vesalius

19. The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Medicine and the Human Body (continued) • Edward Jenner produces world’s first vaccination—for smallpox

20. 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages.

21. The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Scientific Instruments • Scientists develop microscope, barometer, and thermometer • New instruments lead to better observations and new discoveries microscope thermometer simple mercury barometer

22. How did they do this? • Creation of the Scientific Method • Ask a Question • Do Background Research • Construct a Hypothesis • Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment • Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion • Communicate Your Result • Examples of tools they used: • Barometer - Microscope • Telescope - Thermometer

23. The Scientific Method • A Logical Approach • Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories • Bacon and Descartes • Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create scientific method • Bacon urges scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions • Descartes advocates using logic and math to reason out basic truths

24. The Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561-1626) René Descartes (1595-1650)

25. What did this lead to? • Emphasis on reason and systematic study of nature • Explosion scientific knowledge and curiosity • Greatest leap in knowledge up until that point in time • Creation of scientific communities • Role of the Printing Press

26. Importance of the scientific revolution • Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature • Formulation of the scientific method • Expansion of scientific knowledge

27. Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on The experiences of past civilizations Experimentation and observation Emotions and feelings The teachings of the Catholic Church Answer is B.

28. Which was a result of the Commercial Revolution Decline in population growth in Europe Shift of power from Western Europe to Eastern Europe Spread of feudalism throughout Western Europe Expansion of European influence overseas Answer is D

29. Which system developed as a result of the Commercial Revolution • Manorialism • Communism • Bartering • Market economy Answer is D

30. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be • Acquired as markets and sources of raw materials • Considered an economic burden for the colonial power • Grated independence as soon as possible • Encouraged to develop their own industries Answer is A.

31. Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and Rene´ Descartes? • The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened. • The scientific method was used to solve problems • Funding to education was increased by the English government. • Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed Answer is B

32. Which was a characteristic of the policy of mercantilism followed by Spanish colonial rulers in Latin America? • The colonies were forced to develop local industries to support themselves • Spain sought trade agreements between its colonies and the English colonies in North America • The colonies were required to provide raw materials to Spain and to purchase Spanish manufactured goods • Spain encouraged the colonies to develop new political systems to meet colonial needs Answer is C