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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed). Chapter 6 Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers. Perception. Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Stroop Effect. Change Blindness. Perceptual Illusions.

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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

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  1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 6 Perception James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

  2. Perception • Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

  3. Stroop Effect

  4. Change Blindness

  5. Perceptual Illusions

  6. Perceptual Illusions

  7. Perceptual Illusions

  8. Perceptual Illusions

  9. Perceptual Organization: Gestalt • Visual Capture • tendency for vision to dominate the other senses • Gestalt--an organized whole • tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

  10. Perceptual Organization: Gestalt • Grouping • the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups • Grouping Principles • proximity--group nearby figures together • similarity--group figures that are similar • continuity--perceive continuous patterns • closure--fill in gaps • connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

  11. Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles

  12. Perceptual Organization: Closure • Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

  13. Perceptual Organization: Illusory Contours

  14. Perceptual Organization • Figure and Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

  15. Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles • Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

  16. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception • Depth Perception • ability to see objects in three dimensions • allows us to judge distance • Binocular cues • retinal disparity • images from the two eyes differ • closer the object, the larger the disparity • convergence • neuromuscular cue • two eyes move inward for near objects

  17. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Visual Cliff

  18. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception • Monocular Cues • relative size • smaller image is more distant • interposition • closer object blocks distant object • relative clarity • hazy object seen as more distant • texture coarse --> close fine --> distant

  19. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Relative Size

  20. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Interposition

  21. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception • Monocular Cues (cont.) • relative height • higher objects seen as more distant • relative motion • closer objects seem to move faster • linear perspective • parallel lines converge with distance • relative brightness • closer objects appear brighter

  22. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Relative Height

  23. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Perspective Techniques

  24. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Light and Shadow

  25. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception Illusory Depth

  26. Illusory Depth Explanation

  27. Perceptual Constancy

  28. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception • Perceptual Constancy • perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change • color • shape • size Illusory Depth Explanation

  29. Perceptual Organization

  30. Perceptual Illusions

  31. Perceptual Organization: Muller-Lyer Illusion

  32. Perceptual Illusions

  33. Perceptual Illusions

  34. Perceptual Organization: Size-Distance Relationship

  35. Perceiving Movement • Motion Parallax- objects at different distances from a moving object appear to be moving at different speeds. Ex. Vehicle • Autokinetic effect- a stationary light viewed against darkness appears to be moving. Ex. Light houses and air traffic control towers • Phi phenomenon- stationary lights flash appear as if moving. Ex. Running Christmas lights • - • Stroboscopic movement- changes in light levels in pictures appear as if moving. Ex. Flip book • Cortical motion detectors- in the brain to detect movement. Ex. Spiral

  36. Perceptual Organization-Brightness Contrast

  37. Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles • Impossible doghouse

  38. Sensory Restriction:Blakemore & Cooper, 1970 • Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

  39. Perceptual Interpretation • Perceptual Adaptation • (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field • prism glasses • Perceptual Set • a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

  40. Perceptual Set: Schemas • What you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set

  41. Perceptual Set: Schemas Flying Saucers or Clouds?

  42. Perception and the Human Factor • Human Factors Psychology • explores how people and machines interact • explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

  43. 10 8 6 4 2 0 Altitude (thousands of feet) Pilot’s perceived descent path Altitude looks this much higher Actual descent path 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Distance from runway (miles) Perceptual Set: Human Factors

  44. Is There Extrasensory Perception? • Extrasensory Perception • controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input • telepathy • clairvoyance • precognition • Parapsychology • the study of paranormal phenomena • ESP • psychokinesis

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