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Factors Increasing Carcinogenic Mutation Rates: Insights and Description

Understanding the factors that can raise carcinogenic mutation rates is vital in cancer research and prevention. Four significant factors include exposure to harmful chemicals such as tobacco smoke and industrial pollutants, ionizing radiation from sources like X-rays and cosmic rays, viral infections that cause genetic alterations, and genetic predispositions that make individuals more susceptible to mutagenesis. A thorough examination of these elements can aid in developing effective strategies to mitigate cancer risks and improve public health initiatives.

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Factors Increasing Carcinogenic Mutation Rates: Insights and Description

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  1. Do Now 2/10 • List and describe 4 factors that can increase carcinogenic mutation rates • WOD: LITHE(lythe) adj. • bending easily and gracefully • The LITHE ballerina stretched her muscles before her performance. • The gymnast was so LITHESOME that she dismounted without a sound. • The dancer was as LITHE as a cat as he leapt across the stage.

  2. Do Now 2/10 • List and describe 4 factors that can increase carcinogenic mutation rates

  3. Chapter 6.1 INB Pg39

  4. Genetic Control DNA must be able to: • Carry instructions- construction and behavior of cells • Can be copies perfectly- nucleus must pass on exact copy of genetic material to daughter cell

  5. DNA and RNA Structure • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) • Polymers of nucleotides • Aka polyneucleotides

  6. Nucleotides • Nucleotides are made up of: • A nitrogen-containing base • A pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) • A phosphate group

  7. Nucleotides • Nitrogen-containing bases • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) (DNA only) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) • Uracil (U) (RNA only)

  8. Polynucleotides • Alternating sugars and phosphate are linked together with bases projecting sideways • DNA molecules are made from two polynucleotide strands lying parallel to each other in opposite directions • Strands are held together by H-bonds between bases

  9. Polynucleotides • Purine bases: adenine and guanine (Pure as gold) • Pyrimidine bases: cytosine, thymine Complementary base pairing: • A always pairs with T in DNA and U in RNA • G always pairs with C

  10. Polynucleotides • DNA is referred to as a double helix (right handed) • RNA is a single polynucleotide strand

  11. DNA replication • Semi-conservative replication: half of the original DNA molecule is kept in each of the new molecules • Replicationtakes place in the S phase of interphase

  12. Semi-conservative replication • In 1950’s, it was unknown how DNA replicated. Three possibilities were suggested: • Conservative replication: one completely new helix is made from an existing one • Semi-conservative replication: each new helix contains one new, one old strand • Dispersive replication: each new molecule is made of scattered new and old bits

  13. Semi-conservative replication

  14. Meselson and Stahl experiment • Provided nitrogen-15 isotopes to E. Coli bacteria • The bacteria used 15N to make their DNA and over time the isotope replaced all existing nitrogen • This DNA would be ‘heavier’ than normal nitrogen-14 DNA

  15. Meselson and Stahl experiment • Some 15N bacteria was transferred to a food source containing 14N and left long enough for their DNA to replicate once • DNA was removed from both sample of bacteria and spun in a centrifuge • Heavier DNA settles towards bottom

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