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CHY 4U Exam Review

CHY 4U Exam Review. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution. Unit 1, Part 1: The Renaissance. Modern Age begins with the REN REN means ‘rebirth’ in French Lasted between 1350 - 1600 Began in Florence, Italy No one event marks the beginning of this period 2 main developments:

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CHY 4U Exam Review

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  1. CHY 4U Exam Review From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution

  2. Unit 1, Part 1:The Renaissance • Modern Age begins with the REN • REN means ‘rebirth’ in French • Lasted between 1350 - 1600 • Began in Florence, Italy • No one event marks the beginning of this period • 2 main developments: • Large outpouring of some of the greatest works of art and literature • Change in attitude which gave value and dignity to the people

  3. Why did the REN start in Italy? • Ancestral links to Ancient Rome • Peace and Stability • Urbanization • New Middle Class

  4. Role of Religion during the REN • Religion performed 3 major functions / tasks 1. Providence 2. Salvation 3. Community

  5. Ideas of the REN • Secularism • Focus on elements belonging to this world • Humanism • Glorify human achievement, find answers here, not in the afterlife • Individualism • Be proud of one’s abilities, achievements, creations, etc • Scepticism • Doubt and be curious, don’t accept given theories and answers - find the truth, whatever the cost

  6. Important People of the Renaissance The Medicis • Powerful, influential family of Florence during the REN • Lorenzo the Magnificent • Great patron of the arts • Was the recipient of Machiavelli’s book The Prince Leonardo da Vinci/Michelangelo • Main Renaissance Men of the time Johann Gutenberg • Most important invention of all time – allowed literacy rates to increase, etc…

  7. Main Thinker:Nicolo Machiavelli • Wrote The Prince in the hopes of getting a job with the Medici government of Florence • Considered a humanist viewpoint • Ideas based on realism – no focus on what is right or wrong, just what works • ‘the end justifies the means’ is the main idea • The Prince should act as both man and beast when necessary • Should emulate the fox and the lion Can you identify some political leaders studied that followed a Machiavellian philosophy?

  8. Unit 1, Part 2:The Protestant Reformation • Like the REN, REF was an intellectual movement • REN = artistic and literary (arts and culture) • REF = religious • Split the Roman Catholic church in half • Was a major change in the way people responded to the Church

  9. Main Thinker:Martin Luther • First to openly question the Catholic Church and the Pope on certain of his policies • specifically the sale of indulgences • Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses (1517) which outlined his views • Use of the printing press (created by Gutenberg) helped quickly spread these ideas everywhere

  10. Luther’s ideas • Church opposed Luther’s views • Luther summoned to recant – refused to do so • Main beliefs: • A person can save themselves without the need for a secondary person (priest) • Sola fide • Sola scriptura

  11. Counter Reformation: More aggressive response from the Church to stop conversion to Prot. Used Inquisition and Index of Prohibited Books Catholic Reformation: Intellectual response, making administrative changes to the Church Instituted the Council of Trent and the Society of Jesus (Jesuits under I. Loyola) Response of the Catholic Church:Counter- and Catholic- Reformation

  12. Henry VIII: Married 6x, all trying to produce a male heir to the throne Broke with the RC Church when Pope would not give him a divorce Heirs of Henry VIII Edward VI Only son, died early Mary I (daughter of Catherine of Aragon- 1st wife) Catholic, ‘Bloody Mary’ Married Philip of Spain Elizabeth I Daughter of Anne Boleyn (2nd wife) Re-instituted Protestant Religion Fought the Spanish Armada Brought wealth back to England Act of Uniformity and Supremacy Died childless Protestant Reformation in Practice:Tudor England Brings about the reign of the Stuarts, starting with James I

  13. Unit 2: Scientific Revolution • Starts with change in views on cosmology • Switch from geocentric (Earth is the centre of the Universe) views of Ptolemy and Aristotle to a heliocentric (Sun is the centre) one, espoused by Copernicus and Galileo • church supported geocentrism, not a fan of heliocentrism • Galileo supported heliocentrism • church forced him to recant • considered him a heretic, forced him under of house arrest, torture of Inquisition

  14. Main Thinker:Sir Francis Bacon • Belief in inductive reasoning • Developed scientific method • use of empirical research to find out the truth • Bacon’s reading and quote – “Criticism is the scalpel that….”

  15. Main Thinker:René Descartes • Belief in deductive reasoning • Main idea: • doubt everything that could be doubted and then make generalizations based on obvious truths • Cogito ergo sum = I think, therefore I am

  16. Main Thinker:Sir Isaac Newton • Belief that gravity was the basic force which governed motion everywhere • Universe was well-ordered, rational, predictable and mechanistic • Led to the belief in deism • allows for religion and science to exist • belief in reason and nature • belief in God, but not of organized religion

  17. Impact of the Scientific Revolution • Implications of Sci Rev touched all segments of society • Psychological: realize that humans were no longer the centre of the universe • Science undermined religion • Ideas were not easy to grasp = ideas made sense to intellectuals, but not to the average citizen (academic movement)

  18. Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism • Sci Rev opened up the possibility to question all aspects of social organization • Look at political leadership - who is in charge, why they are in charge, who lets them be in charge • 2 main styles emerged • Absolutism • Constitutionalism

  19. Absolutism • Strong leader, no sharing of power • Belief in Divine Right of Kings (DRK) • Ideas proposed by J. Bossuet (reading), James I (reading), Thomas Hobbes James I • Belief in extreme DRK Thomas Hobbes • Wrote The Leviathan – need for a strong ruler John Locke • Belief that strong ruler nec. but should not abuse power – overthrow gov’t if it breaks ‘Social Contract’

  20. Absolutism in France • Started with Louis XIII and his advisor, Cardinal Richelieu • Established main elements of absolutism in France • Strong government institutions • Under Louis XIV and his advisor Mazarin, absolutism was refined and strengthened • Called The Sun King • Created Versailles as a political tool • Instituted policies to enforce power in his hands • ‘L’état c’est moi’ • Mercantilist policies- what is mercantilism?

  21. Absolutism to Constitutionalism:Case Study #1: England • After E1, led by James I • Strong believer in DRK • Taught his son, Charles I, same attitude • Charles I needed money • Had to call back Parliament to raise taxes, then would close them out (3x) • Parliament under Oliver Cromwell refused this treatment = started English Civil War • Charles I defeated = executed in 1649 while on the throne • Brings about the…

  22. Interregnum and Cromwell and the Glorious Revolution • Cromwell takes control over England • Period known as the Interregnum (~20 years) • Cromwell known as The Protector (Protectorate) • Tries to institute Puritan system – religion above all (‘new Jerusalem’), Seekers • Cromwell dies, people want monarchy again • Need stability back • Call back Charles II, then James II = both want DRK • When James II on throne, people look towards daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange • Start the Glorious Revolution in 1688 = no fighting, smooth Constitutional government

  23. 1648: The Treaty of Westphalia • An important “watershed moment” that separates the “old” way of governing with the “new” way of governing • Out goes the notion of universality – King listens and acts on the advice of the Church, even if it is not beneficial to the country • In comes the idea of raison d’etat – where the King makes decisions that are best for the country, even if not best for the Church

  24. Unit 4: The Enlightenment • Period that exalted freedom of thought and debate over obedience to tradition and belief • Lasted from 1700 - 1789 • Continuation of the Sci Rev • Sci Rev = question natural laws of science • Enlightenment = seek understanding of humans, society and way in which people live • Based on beliefs in reason and research Which would have been easier for ordinary people to respond to? Why?

  25. Main Thinker:Immanuel Kant • ENL = knowledge, self-knowledge most important thing • would conquer fear, superstition, enthusiasm and prejudice • take risks to expand one’s ability, knowledge • don’t rely on others • Believed that what matters about an action is the intention with which it is performed • Outcome is irrelevant • Motto of the Enlightenment = Dare to Know! (Sapere Audere!)

  26. Main ideas of the ENL • Three Patron Saints (“Triple Alliance”) of the ENL: • Bacon, Locke, Newton • Thinkers of the period = philosophes • Purpose: to criticize society and all of its institutions • Goal: social reform, by destroying the old and creating something new based on ENL views Biggest example of the success of the ENL was-

  27. Unit 5: French Revolution • Began in 1789 • Several reasons for the Revolution • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette • philosophy of the Enlightenment • social system of France – Ancien Régime • economic Depression – cost of bread rising • recalling of the Estates-General

  28. French Revolution – cont. • Calling back E-G • Creation of the Tennis Court Oath • Summer 1789 – Great Fear • July 14, 1789 = Storming of the Bastille (Bastille Day) • Many nobles left France = émigrés • August = signing Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Motto ‘Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité’ • October = Women’s March

  29. Robespierre:The Incorruptible • Takes control of the Jacobin party • along with Marat (writer) and Danton (partier), form the leadership of the Jacobins • advocate for the execution of the King • ‘Louis should die, because the country must live’ • Louis and M-A killed in 1793 • Reign of Terror – 1793- 1794 • Robespierre tries to create Republic of Virtue • Remove all vestiges of religion and monarchy • New Revolutionary Calendar instituted • Use of guillotine and mass executions to obtain order • Terror ends with Robespierre’s execution

  30. Directory • After the chaos and instability of the Reign of Terror and the French Revolution France looks for stability • No leadership, no head • Directory = 5 leaders each governing for 1 year • creates even more instability • takes away progress made during French Revolution

  31. Napoleon Bonaparte • Coup d’état in 1799 to take over from Directory • Napoleon 1st Consul = eventually becomes First Consul for Life, and then Emperor • Policies he implements • Code Napoleon • Concordat with the church • Continental System against Britain ‘He combined the mutually exclusive principles of royalty and responsibility to popular will.’ • Successfully invaded various countries = military hero • Unsuccessful invasions: Russia and Spain • Ousted – exiled to Elba (return = 100 Days) • Ousted again at Waterloo = exiled to S. Helena

  32. Unit 6: Industrial Revolution, and New Political Ideologies • Congress of Vienna • Leaders of winning Quadruple Alliance (ENG, PRU, AUS, RUS) sat down at Vienna to discuss world after Napoleon • Main leader: Metternich • Main ideas of Congress: • Restoration – world pre-1789 • Legitimate Rule - monarchy • Balance of Power – redraw the map of Europe • Make France pay

  33. Nationalism and Nationalist Movements • Importance of revolutionary movements after French Revolution • leaders of countries thought they had stopped the sentiment of nationalism • thought wrong • many countries wanted to gain their independence from other countries • 1848 monumental year for this • ‘Springtime of the Peoples’ • most countries experienced some form of revolution • except England and Russia • sparked by French Revolution again

  34. Example of Nationalist Spirit:Unification of Italy • Realization came that you couldn’t just focus on nationalism (fighters) or liberalism (intellectuals) = need to work together! • Italy is a good example of that spirit • Main contributors to Italian unification: • Mazzini- intellectual • Garibaldi- fighter • Cavour- diplomat • National song “Fratelli d’Italia” demonstrates this desire to return to past glories and ways

  35. Main Thinker:Giuseppe Mazzini • Wrote about the need to focus on duties instead of rights • Nationalism was a faith – same as religion • Will bring a better society for all, more independence and freedom

  36. The Industrial Revolution • Originated in England, 1750s • Series of changes that affected the economy and society, based on various factors • Rapid population growth • Increase in agricultural production • New means of transportation

  37. Major Industrial Changes 3 main areas that saw changes: 1. Textile 2. Iron 3. Transportation Reasons why the I.R. started in England 1. Natural advantages 2. Medical advances 3. Increase in capital 4. Foreign trade 5. Improvements in agriculture 6. Political stability

  38. Important Ideas from the Industrial Revolution • 3 main ideologies emerge to deal with the new social and economic conditions: • Laissez-faire Capitalism • Main thinkers: A. Smith (Wealth of Nations= “invisible hand”) and T. Malthus (An Essay on Population = happiness and prosperity are not coincidental) • Utopian Socialism • Main thinkers: H. St-Simon and R. Owen 3. Scientific Socialism • Main thinkers: K. Marx and F. Engels

  39. Marx and his Main Theory • Class Struggle • Bourgeois vs Proletariat • Organization, politicization, confrontation • Leads to revolution between the 3 groups – bourgeois, proletariat and the government

  40. That’s It!!! I hope you’ve enjoyed the course, you have been a wonderful class…good luck in your studies!

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