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MOTIVATION

MOTIVATION. MOTIVATION. Latin for ….. movere , which means ‘to move’. Motivation is what moves people to do the things they do EXTRINSIC – actions are performed b/c they lead to some sort of external outcome INTRISIC – actions are rewarding or satisfying in an of themselves Examples?.

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MOTIVATION

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  1. MOTIVATION

  2. MOTIVATION • Latin for ….. movere, which means ‘to move’. Motivation is what moves people to do the things they do • EXTRINSIC – actions are performed b/c they lead to some sort of external outcome • INTRISIC – actions are rewarding or satisfying in an of themselves Examples?

  3. INSTINCT APPROACH • Assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals • 1908 – William McDougal proposed 18 instincts (curiosity, flight, acquisition) • Freud psychoanalytic theory basis the instincts in the Id.

  4. Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) DRIVE REDUCTION APPROACH • Proposes a connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior • 1st you have a NEED… • Primary drives- involving survival needs of the body (hunger and thirst) • Acquired (Secondary) drives – learned through experience or conditioning (need for money or approval) • Homeostasis – the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state Doesn’t explain all human motivation…why eat when not hungry? Why bungee jump? Watch horror movies?

  5. PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS - McClelland • Need for Achievement(nAch) – strong desire in achieving goals both realistic and challenging ones • Need for Affilition(nAff) – need to be liked by others and be held in high regard • Need for Power(nPow) – need to have influence over others and make an impact on them

  6. Carol Dweck’sSelf-Theory of Motivation • How do people get to be high achievers? • According to Carol (1999) the need for achievement is closely linked to personality factors, including a person’ view of themselves Do you believe that intelligence is fixed? Or changeable? External vs. Internal Locus of Control

  7. Test Yourself • MC Q 1-5 ‘A’

  8. AROUSAL APPROACH • Assumes we have a need for ‘stimulation’ (curiosity, playing, exploration) and that people work to maintain an ‘optimal’ level of tension by increasing or decreasing stimulation • Yerkes-Dodson Law – states performance is related to arousal. Moderate lvls of arousal lead to better performance than lvls that are too low or too high.

  9. Are you a Sensation Seeker? • I sometimes do crazy things. • I usually think about what I am going to do before doing it. • I prefer friends who are excitingly unpredictable • I am an impulsive person • Before I begin a complicated job, I make careful plans Sample items from the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire. (sensation-seeking 6-12 mo)

  10. INCENTIVE APPROACH • Links motivation to external stimulus and its rewarding properties • Expectancy-Value Theories (Tolman, Lewin, Rotter) – an incentive theory that assumes the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the person

  11. Test yourself…. • MC Questions 1-5 ‘B’

  12. Compare and Contrast • In paragraph form compare and contrast two of the four theories of motivation. • Instinct Approach • Drive Reduction • Incentive Approach • Arousal Approach

  13. HUMANISTIC APPROACH(last one) • You are being exiled to a deserted island and can bring 10 things….what do you bring? • Maslow (1943, 1987) – proposed there are several LEVELS of needs a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfillment. (self-actualization)

  14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (wants?) Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential • begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied • then higher-level safety needs become active • then psychological needs become active Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

  15. The Island • Of the 10 things you brought to the island where would each go in Maslow’s hierarchy? Why?

  16. Theory X – Workers are unmotivated and need to be managed (lower level of Maslow) • Theory Y – Workers want to work and want that work to be meaningful (higher level)

  17. SIMILAR TO MASLOW • Alderfer’s modification – only three levels; exisitence, relatedness and growth • Self-Determination Theory (Ryan and Deci, 2000) 3 universal needs are autonomy, competence and relatedness.

  18. Why People Eat – Physiologically Speaking • Insulin and Glucagons – hormones secreted by the pancreas to control lvls of fats, proteins and carbs. • Insulin reduces lvls of glucose. • Glucagons increases lvls of glucose.

  19. Lateral hypothalamus (LH) Hunger sensor LH acts as “on” switch Damaged lateral hypothalamus Animal refuses to eat Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) Satiation sensor VMH acts as “off” switch Damaged ventromedial hypothalamus Animal eats too much Hypothalamus

  20. VMH damaged rat • 400% wt increase

  21. Weight Set Point • Particular level of weight the body strives to maintain • Injury to hypothalamus raises or lowers the weight set point • Metabolism and exercise also affect it

  22. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) • The rate at which the body burns energy when a person is resting #’s in the table represent the number of calories a person needs to consume each day to maintain body weight (without exercise)

  23. Why people eat - Socially speaking • Convention • Routine • Culture

  24. Maladaptive Eating Problems • Obesity- Body weight 20% over ideal (based on height) • Impacted by genetics, overeating, exercise and changes in metabolism Read the Biology of Obesity – answer the questions

  25. Women’s Body Images Thinnest Fattest Women’s ideal Women’s current body image What women believed men preferred What men actually preferred

  26. Video Clip – Revealing Psychology – Body Image • Would it be the same for guys? Why? Or Why not?

  27. Maladaptive Eating Problems • Anorexia Nervosa – disordered eating that causes 15% or more below ideal body weight • Video Clips • The mind of an Anorexic • Anorexia

  28. Maladaptive Eating Problems • Bulimia Nervosa – involves cycles of binging and use of unhealthy ways to avoid weight gain; unlike anorexia, those with bulimia will tend to maintain normal body weight. • Video Clip • Bulimia

  29. Eating Disorders and Cross-Cultural Influences • Eating disorders more prevalent in industrialized societies which emphasize thinness. • US, Canada, Japan, Europe • As countries become more “westernized”, eating disorders increase. • When women from countries with low prevalence rates move to countries with higher prevalence rates, prevalence increases. • Variations in assessment methods and diagnostic criteria make it difficult to be certain about differences in prevalence rates from country to country.

  30. Treatment of Eating Disorders • Most eating disorder subjects (> 90 %) are NOT in treatment • Treatment of severe anorexia often takes place in a hospital • Bulimia can be treated with antidepressant drugs (involving the serotonin system) • No drugs are currently available for the treatment of anorexia nervosa Ch 9.10

  31. Test Yourself • MC Q ‘C’

  32. Sexual Motivation • Sex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values

  33. Determinant of Sexual Desire • Gonadal Hormones • Estrogen • Androgen (testosterone) • Erotic Materials • Attraction to Partner • Watch Revealing Psychology - Mate Selection • In real life, what do women find attractive in men? Men in women? Same? Different? • How do people figure out their relative value on the dating market? What happens when they are wrong?

  34. Gender Differences in Sexual Behavior Female Male Biological Reality – behavioral outcome ** The Coolidge effect pg. 393

  35. Mating Priorities • Gender differences in mating – read study • What was the study? • What were the conclusions? • What does this mean?

  36. Sexual Motivation • Sexual Orientation • an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation) Look at table 12.2 (pg. 479) – What do you think?

  37. Sexual Orientation Environmental Theories Biological Theories

  38. 100% 80 60 40 20 0 Extramarital sex is “always wrong” Homosexual sex is “always wrong” 1987 1998 Year Sexual Motivation • Changing attitudes Source: National Opinion Research Center (University of Chicago) General Social Survey

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