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Content. Introduction Origin Foundation Crisis Commercial system. INTRODUCTION. Under the Mughals, India was the heart of a great Islamic empire and a prolific center of Islamic culture and learning. Dynasty was the greatest, richest and longest lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India.

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  1. Content Introduction Origin Foundation Crisis Commercial system

  2. INTRODUCTION • Under the Mughals, India was the heart of a great Islamic empire and a prolific center of Islamic culture and learning. • Dynasty was the greatest, richest and longest lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India. • Mongol Descendents • The Great Mughal Emperors were: • Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals • Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader • Akbar (1556-1605) The Great • Jehangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability • Shah Jehan (1627-1658) The Master Builder • Aurangzeb (1658-1707) The Intolerant Indian empire that ruled for more than 300 years (1526 to 1858), except for a brief period under the Sur sultans (1540-1555).

  3. Origins of Mughal Empire • The Mughals descended from Mongol stock in Turkestan. They were, however, quite distant from their original ancestors. The Mughals had become Islamic, for the Middle Eastern Mongol invaders had converted to Islam long before. They had also thoroughly absorbed Middle Eastern culture, especially Persian culture (the Persian word for Mongol is "Mughal," from which we get the English word, "mogul," meaning "tycoon"), and their wars of invasion spread Persian culture throughout India.

  4. Foundation of Mughal Empire • The founder of the Mughal dynasty was Babur, who ruled from 1483 to 1530. Babur was not fully a Mongol: his mother was descended from Genghis Khan, but his father was descended from Timur. He ruled over a small kingdom in Turkestan; he expanded his kingdom by attacking Afghanistan and capturing Kabul in 1504. From there he crossed over the mountains into Hindustan and attacked the Dehli Sultanate in 1526. When he died in 1530 he had conquered all of Hindustan and controlled an empire that extended from the Deccan to Turkestan. Western Historians attributed his victory to the use of firearms-a fact now disputed by other historians.

  5. Babur 1526 - 1530The First of the Mughals • Babur was a direct descendant of the Turkish Ghengis Khan and Timur from Tamerlane. • Defeated the Delhi Sultanate & established the Mughal Empire. • Gunpowder, a skilled commander, trained soldiers on horses contributed to the victory • Gained control of the whole northern India • Made Agra capital • He reigned for 4 short years and died at age 47 in 1530. • Did not enact new laws or organization in the empire due to early his death

  6. Humayun 1530 - 1556The Luckless Leader • After Babur died, he was succeeded by his son Humayun in 1530. Humayun was 23 years old. • He was not a soldier and unlike his father, neither skilled nor a wise leader. • Inherited a disunited and disorganized empire. • In 1540, Sher Shah of Bengal defeated Humayun and took over the Mughal Empire. The Empire was lost from 1540-1545. • He was exiled but later regained power in 1555. • Humayun died in 1556 after falling down the steps of his library; he is known as “the luckless one”.

  7. Akbar 1556 - 1605The Great • Akbar become the new Mughal ruler at the age of 14. • Regent and his mother ruled in his name for 4 years • Akbar was an ambitious and noble commander • Built the largest army ever in the empire. • Helped to conquer nearly all of modern-day northern India and Pakistan. • Great administrator • developed a centralized government • It delegated 15 provinces each under a governor and each province into districts and each district was further sub-divided into smaller sections. • Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially Hindus) • Removed poll taxes on Hindus • Invited religious scholars to debate him in his private chambers. • Developed his own faith call Din Ilahi. • Din Ilahi was a mixture of the other religions Akbar had studied from those debates. • Religion never caught on

  8. India under Akbar (1556-1605) • Babur's son Humayun succeeded him in 1530, but was defeated by Sher Shah, an Afghan who ruled north India for 15 years, in 1540. Humayun only just managed to regain his father's territories before his death and the accession of his 13 year old son, Akbar, whose 49 year reign laid the foundation of empire.

  9. Akbar (1556-1605) • Akbar’s Conquests • Theory of Kingship • Akbar’s Military Administrative System- Mansabdars • Land Revenue Collection Systems and Jagirdars • Alliance with Rajput Warriors • Abolition of Special tax Jizyat and Pilgrimage Tax • Din-i-Ilahi ( Religion of God) and sulahkul ( Universal Tolerance)

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