1 / 52

Religious Wars

Religious Wars. German Peasant Revolts. Peasant Revolts. Follow Luther’s changes Take away prince’s power Issues: laws, customs, taxes Goals: political & economic rights, release from serfdom. Luther’s Response. Sympathized but NO support Not social revolutionary “Un-Christian”

darryl
Télécharger la présentation

Religious Wars

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Religious Wars

  2. German Peasant Revolts

  3. Peasant Revolts • Follow Luther’s changes • Take away prince’s power • Issues: laws, customs, taxes • Goals: political & economic rights, release from serfdom

  4. Luther’s Response • Sympathized but NO support • Not social revolutionary • “Un-Christian” • Supported princes right to crush • “Render to unto Caesar what is Caesars”- Luther did not support the revolt

  5. German Princes back Luther • 1530 Augsburg Confession • Written statement of beliefs seen as act of rebellion against Church and Holy Roman Emperor • Leads to War • 1555 Peace of Augsburg • Ferdinand of Austria • German princes decide religion of their kingdoms • N. Germany becomes Protestant

  6. Response to Protests • Pope uses religious measures • HRE Charles V uses military measures • Turns on Protestant German princes • Protestant German Princes- form Schmalkaldic League as defensive group • Had taken land from Church • Charles had no help from Catholic princes

  7. Response to Protests • 1530 Charles V orders all princes to imperial Diet in Augsburg • People must revert back to Catholicism • Church will get land back • 1555 Peace of Augsburg- (German princes) he he owns lands determines religion • Lutheranism, Catholicism • Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed

  8. Response to Protests • Charles was not happy with peace • Wanted unity, not division • Attached to Middle Age ideas (feudalism, chivalry, Church) • Crown given up to Philip II and Ferdinand

  9. The Conflict between England and Spain

  10. The Beginning… • Philip II supported Mary Queen of Scots (also a Catholic) • Upon Mary’s death relations between Spain and England began to decline

  11. Mary Queen of Scots

  12. 1558 Elizabeth becomes Queen • Elizabeth (Protestant) • Spain worried about power of Catholic France • Philip hoped to marry Elizabeth (brother-in-law) • Elizabeth delayed possibility of marriage to gain diplomatic advantages • She had no intention of marrying him

  13. Elizabeth I

  14. Sea Dogs • Elizabeth encourages Sea Dogs to raid Spanish treasure fleets coming from Americas • Most famous- Sir Francis Drake • 1st to sail around world since Magellan • Most popular common man

  15. Defeat of Spanish Armada • Philip orders fleet to attack England • Causes: Spain angered • Drake knighted • English helped Dutch Protestants revolt against them • Order to execute Mary • Philip gathers largest attack force- Invincible Armada

  16. The Plan • Attack ship carrying troops returning from Netherlands • Then move to invade England • July 29, 1588 Spanish Armada sighted off English coast • England leaves to meet them

  17. The Spanish Armada

  18. The Strategies • Spain- tight formation, closer range battle • Short range canons • England- knew of Spain’s tactics • Fast moving ships • Long range canons • After 2 weeks- indecisive battles, Spain kept moving up English coast

  19. The Battle Continues… • English send 8 unmanned fire ships • Spanish panicked and headed toward open water breaking formation • England moved in on disorganized Spanish (15 captured) • Storm hits- Spanish commander abandons mission • 67 of 130 ships return to Spain

  20. Significance of Defeat • Decline of Spain’s political power • Europe saw battle as Catholics v. Protestants • Catholic Reformation suffers set back • England’s power increased • Free to develop overseas empire • Elizabethan Age began

  21. The Conflict Between the Dutch and Spain

  22. Spain- Catholic feudal system guilds for protection Netherlands- Protestant little feudal influence starting new ways of running a business 1500’s Dutch were enemies of Spain

  23. Netherlands given to Philip • 1559 Philip sends sister Margaret to govern • Goals: • Raise taxes • Stamp out Protestantism • Results: Dutch are angered • Nationalism, religion, money

  24. 1566 Dutch Sea Beggars attack Catholic Church • Spanish Response: • 20,000 soldiers sent in • Heretics killed (1568- 1,500 in one day) • Stamp out Protestantism • 1568-1578 war broke out between Protestant Dutch and Catholic Spaniards

  25. Prince William of Orange • (“the Silent”) led Dutch • Political not religious • William raised as Catholic • Initially unsuccessful • Desperation= low countries (below sea level) • Dikes/floodgates opened (repeated)

  26. The End… • 1579 Dutch gain ground • 1581 United Provinces of Netherlands becomes independent • William wanted state of religious tolerance • South Netherlands remains Catholic under Spanish control • 1600’s- only European country that accepted all religions (Jews move in)

  27. France-Rule of Catherine de Medici

  28. Who was Catherine? • Family from Florence, Italy • Valois Dynasty- ruled since 1328 • Wife of Henry II • Regent for sons (ruled in their name) • Ruled because sons incompetent

  29. Religious Conflict • Early 16th century = religious tolerance • Calvinist minority (Huguenots) v Catholics (monarchs) • Towns divided- attacks on people and churches

  30. Religious Conflict • House of Bourbon v. House of Gees • (Protestant nobles v. Catholic nobles) • Both wanted to overthrow Valois monarchy and start new dynasty • 1562-1589- 9 civil wars between these groups (compared to England?)

  31. St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre- Background • Aug, 22, 1572 Attempted assassination Coligny (Protestant, advisor of King Charles IX)politics • Rising power of Protestants • Catherine behind Guise plot • Catherine feared son’s response and Huguenots reaction • Convinced son of Huguenot coup • Swift execution of Protestants save Paris

  32. St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots killed in Paris • Within 3 days- 20,000 Huguenots killed • Massacre began with Catherine’s consent • Pope Gregory XIII and Philip II- religious celebration

  33. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  34. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  35. Charles IX’s Response • “But then you must kill all the Huguenots in France so that none shall be left to reproach me. Kill them all! Kill them all!”

  36. Henry III • Last Valois king • 15 year rule- During civil war • Nobles convert to Protestantism to weaken Catholic king • Politiques- strong monarchy, religious tolerance • Appeared Guise might take throne • Philip II backed Guise and take Paris • Henry III had Duke of Guise murdered

  37. More Spanish Influence • Philip II defeated Henry II in Holland • Wanted to get rid of Protestants • Spain had hand picked French king • French upset over the influence of Philip II • Bourbons driven out of France

  38. The Rule of Henry IV (of Navarre)

  39. Henry IV of Navarre

  40. Henry IV • Heir (from medieval King (St.) Louis IX) • House of Bourbon (Huguenots) • First Bourbon King – support of Protestants and Catholic politiques • 9 years of fighting to gain crown • Decisive, fearless, clever politician • No support from Catholics in Paris • 1593 Henry converts (for country)

  41. Henry IV • “Paris is worth a mass” • 1598 Edict of Nantes- Huguenots could practice in peace • 1st great act of tolerance • Church in every town but Paris • Toleration officially recognized by ruler • Huguenots make strongholds • Will lead to Henry’s death (1610)

  42. Henry Rebuilds • Henry wanted to restore France’s prosperity/economy • Welfare of commoners- “…every peasant will have a chicken in the pot on Sunday.” • Never accomplished this • Knew of peasant’s hard life • Economic advisors- Duke of Sully helped with finances • No more Spanish invasions • Bourbon line will become Catholic

  43. France Richelieu and Louis XIII

  44. Cardinal Richelieu

  45. Richelieu’s Domestic Policies • Campaign against Huguenots • 1629 Peace of Alais- no walled cities, political orgs., courts • La Rochelle- largest walled city

  46. Dangers to the Crown • Independence of Huguenot cities • Richelieu not politique-strikes against Huguenots • Fear of defiance of King • Still could worship

  47. Dangers to the Crown • Power of the Hapsburgs • Austrian and Spanish Kings (bordered France) • 30 Years War= Hapsburgs v. Protestants in Holland and Germany • France wants Hapsburgs to lose and therefore support Protestants • Richelieu just wants Catholics to reserve right to practice • Results: Protestants win 30 Years War • (Treaty of Westphalia, Gustavas Adolphus)

  48. Effects of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

  49. Cause… • Protestant mobs riot in Prague, Bohemia • Anger because King Ferdinand II was a German-speaking, Austrian Catholic (HAPSBURG) • 1619 Ferdinand II became HRE • Austrian = national hatred • Catholic = threat to religious freedom • Hapsburg = threat to Bourbon kings (France) • Reaction- army puts down riot, German princes challenge HRE

  50. Treaty of Westphalia 1648 • Ferdinand II’s son • Peace favored Swedes, French, Protestant enemies • France takes Alsace • German princes almost independent of HRE • Calvinism gained equal status • Dutch Republic becomes independent state • Sweden gains German land

More Related