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Understanding Kidney Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

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Kidney diseases play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis. Conditions like Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus lead to increased urination and thirst due to impaired insulin secretion and decreased water reabsorption. Bright’s Disease, a type of nephritis, affects nephron inflammation, changing permeability and causing excess water in urine. Additionally, kidney stones, primarily calcium oxalate, can form from mineral saturation and cause severe pain. Understanding these conditions is vital for effective management and treatment.

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Understanding Kidney Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

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  1. 7.7 KIDNEY DISEASE • Proper kidney function is necessary for homeostasis • Many kidney disorders can be detected by urinalysis

  2. Diabetes Mellitus • Caused by inadequate secretion of insulin from pancreas - If insulin is ↓ then blood sugar levels ↑ • Proximal tubule has enough ATP to reabsorb 0.1% of blood sugar back into the blood • In “DB” much higher [blood sugar] is found • Therefore excess sugar stays in nephron and increases its osmotic pressure • As a result water stays in the nephron and is later lost as urine • Individuals with “DM” urinate a lot and are often thirsty - Water lost with excreted sugar must be replenished so they drink alot

  3. Diabetes Insipidus • Caused by destruction of hypothalamic ADH producing cells or nerve tract destruction to the pituitary • If ADH is ↓ then water reabsorption is ↓  urine output ↑ • Thirst ↑ • Individuals with “DI” must drink lots of water to replace what is lost

  4. Bright’s Disease-Nephritis • General name for kidney diseases caused by inflammation of the nephrons • One type affects the glomerulus blood vessels • Bacteria produce toxins which destroy theses blood vessels nephron permeability changed • Proteins and large molecules can then get into the nephron (proteins cannot be reabsorbed) • Osmotic pressure in the nephron changes and large amounts of water stay in the nephron urine ↑

  5. KIDNEY STONES • Caused by precipitation of mineral solutes from the blood • Can be alkaline or acidic • Calcium Oxalate - acidic –most common • Calcium oxalate stones are the most common. They tend to form when the urine is acidic, meaning it has a low pH.. Dietary oxalate is an organic molecule found in many vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Calcium from bone may also play a role in kidney stone formation

  6. Calcium Oxalate stone

  7. Kidney stones can lodge in the renal pelvis or move into the bladder or urethra • Very painful

  8. Blasting Kidney Stones

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