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Go West, Young Man!

Go West, Young Man!. Goals 4.01 - 4.04. Vocabulary. Gold Rush Comstock Lode Homestead Act Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Oklahoma Land Rush Sod houses Irish immigrants Chinese immigrants Cattle drives Buffalo. Unique Experiences of: • Women • African Americans • Chinese Immigrants

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Go West, Young Man!

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  1. Go West, Young Man! Goals 4.01 - 4.04

  2. Vocabulary Gold Rush Comstock Lode Homestead Act Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Oklahoma Land Rush Sod houses Irish immigrants Chinese immigrants Cattle drives Buffalo • Unique Experiences of: • • Women • • African Americans • • Chinese Immigrants • • Irish Immigrants • Promontory Point, Utah • Transcontinental • Railroad Reservation system Buffalo soldiers Sand Creek Massacre Battle of Little Big Horn Sitting Bull Dawes Severalty Act Chief Joseph Nez Percé Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor Wounded Knee

  3. Goal 4: • The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896) - The learner will evaluate the great westward movement and assess the impact of the agricultural revolution on the nation. • Generalizations: • Industrialization can impact people, the environment, and the economy. • The government may create policies that encourage economic growth. • Different groups of people may be affected in different ways by economic growth.

  4. “Manifest Destiny” Term coined by magazine editor John Louis O’Sullivan in 1845 Idea that Americans had been given North America by God, who wanted them to settle it all and push out Indians, Mexicans

  5. Trails West • Oregon Trail • California Trail • Santa Fe Trail • Mormon Trail • Bozeman Trail • Fort Smith Trail • Gila Trail

  6. Wagon Trains • Sometimes employed guides, sometimes followed guidebooks • Usually no more than 20-40 wagons per train • Covered about 15 miles/day for 5-6 months • Wagons were circled at night to corral animals, not for protection against Indian attacks • Attacks by Native Americans were rare; more trade took place than fighting

  7. The Donner Party • 87 people • Took a new, untested route to California • Trapped by winter snows in the Sierra Nevada mountains • 39 starved, rest resorted to cannibalism to survive

  8. The Mormons (a review) • Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints • Started in NY, but were victims of persecution • Moved to Ohio, then Missouri, then Illinois • Founder Joseph Smith murdered in 1844 • Mormons finally settled near the Great Salt Lake in Utah (which they called Deseret) in 1847

  9. Joseph Smith • 1805 – 1844 • Recorder of The Book of Mormon – received from an angel – which describes how Israelites arrived in America around 600 BC and were later visited by Jesus • Had numerous legal run-ins in Missouri and Illinois which eventually led to his arrest • Murdered by a mob in 1844 while awaiting trial

  10. Brigham Young • 1801 – 1877 • President of Mormon church from 1847 -1877 • Founded Salt Lake City, Utah • 1st Governor of Utah • Led the Mormons west to Utah to escape persecution • Practiced polygamy, had 55 wives

  11. Oregon Territory • First settlers arrived in the 1830s • Oregon Trail well-established by 1841 • 1846: Territory officially became part of US after the Oregon Treaty ended the border dispute between US and Britain • 1853: Territory split into the Oregon and Washington Territories • 1859: Oregon admitted to Union as a free state

  12. California • John Sutter granted 50,000 acres by Mexican government in 1839, established settlement of Sutter’s Fort, the first American settlement in Spanish California • Purchased from Mexico at the end of the Mexican War (as part of the Mexican Cession) in 1848 • Discovery of gold later that year would lead to a rush of American settlers • Became a state in 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850

  13. Gold Rushes • California in 1849 • Pikes Peak in 1858 • Arizona, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in 1860s • Triggered surges of settlers (mostly men) looking to get rich quick in these states

  14. ’49ers & Sutter’s Mill • After discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill, over 300,000 gold-seekers called “49ers” flooded into California • Led to rise of San Francisco as a major city, but also to tensions with Native Americans and environmental destruction

  15. The Comstock Lode • Major silver vein discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859 • Virginia City, NV went from zero to pop of 30,000 then crashed when the lode ran out in 1898 (today, pop. = about 1500) • Comstock himself traded away his fortune and later committed suicide

  16. Mining Lures Settlers • Colorado – Silver (over $1 billion, led to development of Denver) • Dakotas – gold in the Black Hills • Montana – copper • Created “boom and bust” cycles where towns would be built in a short period of time and then abandoned (ghost towns) when the mines were exhausted

  17. The Great Plains • Explored by Maj. Stephen Long in 1819, who described the area as the “Great American Desert” • With no wood and no water, many believed that the area was useless for settlement and farming

  18. Sod Houses • Life was difficult • No trees for wood, so houses were built from sod – bricks of tough grass; burned sod and dried dung • Little surface water, so settlers had to drill deep wells (300 ft+) • Summer = 100° +, winter = 0° or less • Prairie fires, swarms of grasshoppers, tornadoes, blizzards, thunderstorms

  19. Pre-emption Acts of 1830 & 1841 • Many settlers who went west just picked a spot and built a farm – they did not have any legal claim to the land; this is called “squatting” • The Pre-emption Acts protected squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed by the US government (who technically owned all public land) and buy up to 160 acres for $1.25/acre

  20. Homestead Act • 1862 • $10 fee laid claim to 160 acres of public land; occupant received title after living there for 5 years • Anyone could file a claim, except former Confederates! • 1.6 million homesteads were awarded

  21. Morrill Land-Grant Act • 1862 • States were awarded 30,000 acres of federal land for each member of the state’s Congressional delegation • States could use or sell that land to fund the creation of colleges which would teach agricultural and military skills • Colleges started under the Morrill Act include Auburn, UConn, Florida, Georgia, Purdue, Iowa St., Kansas St., Kentucky, LSU, Maryland, MIT, Michigan State, Nebraska, Ohio St., Penn St., Clemson, Tennessee, Va. Tech, & NCSU

  22. Oklahoma Land Rush • As available land in the west began to disappear, pressure built to open the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to settlers • 1889: Congress agreed to open the Territory to white settlers • April 22, 1889: Thousands gathered on the border to race to claim a share of 2 million acres; some (called “Sooners”) snuck into the territory early to claim the best lands • "Far & Away"

  23. Ranching • Spanish had introduced cattle to the region in the 1600s; herds had been left to roam free and had evolved into the tough, lean Texas Longhorns • Most cattle ranching took place in New Mexico & Texas • Early ranchers took advantage of the Open Range , the vast open grasslands of the Great Plains owned by the government • During the Civil War, beef prices soared due to a kill off of Eastern cattle to feed troops • Railroads built in 1860s allowed western cattle to be moved east to meet beef demands • Cattle were driven north out of Texas to railheads in Abilene & Dodge City, KS and Sedalia, MO using routes such as the Chisholm Trail • Cowboys were a mix of former Confederate soldiers, Hispanics, and freed slaves

  24. Women in the West • Outnumbered by men, so they had more opportunities • Could own property & businesses, became influential community leaders • Most were farmwives • Some worked as cooks or laundresses • Some worked at “hurdy-gurdy” houses • A few were adventurers, such as Annie Oakley and Calamity Jane Burke

  25. Squirrel Tooth Alice • Born as Libby Thompson in 1855 in Belton, Texas, Squirrel Tooth Alice received her name due to a gap between her front teeth and her penchant for keeping prairie dogs as pets. She was kidnapped as a young girl by the Comanche tribe. Kept for three years, she was shunned by society as a "marked" woman upon her release. • At the age of 14 years old, she ran away to Abilene, Kansas, and became a dance hall girl and prostitute. After marrying Billy Thompson in 1873, she moved from Kansas to Texas to Colorado. • In Sweetwater, she and her husband bought a ranch, and she opened a dance hall and successful brothel. She bore nine children (three of which were said to be her husband's), and retired successfully in 1921 at the age of 66.

  26. Immigrants in the West • Thousands of Irish immigrants flooded the Midwest in the 1840s through 1870s • Thousands of Chinese immigrants arrived in California to seek job opportunities • Both groups would play a key role in building the West’s railroads

  27. African-Americans in the West • Played a major role in the development of the West • Worked on the railroads • Worked as cowboys • Settled in as farmers • Served as soldiers in the Indian Wars

  28. “Buffalo soldiers” • 4 all-black regiments of the US Army created in 1866 • Nicknamed “buffalo soldiers” by the Native Americans they fought against for their dark, curly hair and fierce fighting ability, both of which reminded Indians of the buffalo

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