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Biochemistry for Biology

Biochemistry for Biology. The Chemistry of Life. Cells. The Elements of Life. • The FIVE primary elements of Life and all Living things- (You must know these symbols and the corresponding names) • C carbon • H hydrogen • O oxygen • N nitrogen • P phosphorus.

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Biochemistry for Biology

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  1. Biochemistry for Biology The Chemistry of Life

  2. Cells

  3. The Elements of Life • The FIVE primary elements of Life and all Living things- (You must know these symbols and the corresponding names) • C carbon • H hydrogen • O oxygen • N nitrogen • P phosphorus

  4. Reading Chemical Formulas • When elements are combined to make molecules and compounds, the subscript number represents how many atoms of each element is in the molecule. • For example, water H2O is really 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atoms.

  5. Organic compounds/molecules • are those that contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Like glucose, C6H12O6 and methane, CH4.

  6. Inorganic compounds/molecules • are those that DO NOT contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Like water H2Oand carbon dioxide CO2 .

  7. Inorganic OR Organic • O2 • C6H12O6 • CO2

  8. V.I.I.M. Very Important Inorganic Molecules • O2 OXYGEN • CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE • H2O WATER Processes we have seen these in: • photosynthesis • Cellular respiration • Carbon, water, & oxygen cycles • Greenhouse gases (CO2 & H2O)

  9. V.I.O.M.M.Very ImportantOrganic MacroMolecules Macro mean BIG, sooooo…these are mostly very big molecules, they are as follows: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

  10. Wonderful World of Water H2O

  11. Wonderful World of Water • Water covers most of the planet (74% fresh and salt) and makes up the greatest percentage of ALL living organisms. • Depending on temperature and volume, humans can live WITHOUT WATER for only one to ten days

  12. Wonderful World of Water The water molecule is POLAR: • Meaning it has an uneven distribution of charges, a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end • NONPOLAR molecules have an even distribution of charges like petroleum Remember like dissolves like, soooooo

  13. Polar and Nonpolar

  14. Wonderful World of Water • Because water is so important there are two important watery terms you need to know- • Hydrophilic –water loving molecules, will easily dissolve in water • Hydrophobic -water fearing molecules, do not mix/dissolve in water and often move AWAY from water

  15. Wonderful World of Water

  16. Wonderful World of Water • Hydrogen bonds are formed between polar molecules involving slightly positive Hydrogen and slightly negative Oxygen or Nitrogen atoms • They DO NOT change the molecules involved, they are weak, temporary bonds that are essential in ALL living organisms

  17. Hydrogen bonds & Water

  18. Hydrogen bonds & Water • Surface tension is explained by the hydrogen bonds formed by water molecules at the surface • Cohesion-is the property where same molecules are attracted to each other • Adhesion-is the property where different molecules are attracted to each other

  19. MacroMolecules • A monomer is a simple compound that can join together to for polymers • A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds

  20. Carbohydrates • Are made up of the elements C H O • Are used as a source of energy • Are important to many organisms for structure and cell markers • The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides • The polymers of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides

  21. Carbohydrates Cell walls, cell Markers & Cell Energy Glucose & Glycogen

  22. Carbohydrates • 4 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include bread, pasta, veggies and fruit

  23. Monosaccharides-(simplesugars or carbohydrates) • Glucose • Fructose • Ribose • Deoxyribose • Galactose

  24. Polysaccharides-(complexsugars (carbs) or starches) • Starch • Glycogen • Cellulose • Amylose Disaccharides (made of only 2 monomers) • sucrose • lactose • maltose Many carbs end in the suffix -ose

  25. Carbohydrates

  26. Benedict’stest for monosaccharidesnegpospospos

  27. Iodinetest for polysaccharidesposneg

  28. Lipids • Are made up of the elements C H O • Are used as a source of stored energy • Are important to all organisms for as the main part of ALL cell membranes

  29. FatCells

  30. Lipids • 9 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include butter, oil and animal fat

  31. Lipids • Saturated fats/lipids contain only single bonds between carbons • Unsaturated fats/lipids have some double bonds and fewer hydrogens • A triglyceride is made up of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

  32. Lipids Fatty acids

  33. Lipids triglyceride

  34. Lipids Steroids (hormones)

  35. Lipids phospholipid

  36. Lipids • Lipids include many hormones including steroids like testosterone, waxes like ear wax, oils and blubber, and ALL cell membranes like phospholipids • Most of these are large nonpolar or hydrophobic molecules. • This means that they do not, usually, mix with water.

  37. Brown papertest for lipidsposneg

  38. Nucleic Acids: • Made up of the elements C H O N P • Are important to all organisms for the genetic code to make proteins • The monomers are nucleotides • The three parts of the monomer are a nitrogen base, phosphate group and a pentose sugar • The polymers are DNA, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA

  39. Nucleic Acids • Monomers (Nucleotides) 4 for DNA 4 for RNA

  40. Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

  41. Proteins • Made up of the elements C H O N • Function in movement because they make up muscle and connective tissue • Are important to all organisms for structure and metabolic processes • The monomers of proteins are amino acids and there are 20 biologically essential amino acids.

  42. Proteins • A protein’s shape is determined by the arrangement of amino acids • DNA is the instructions for making proteins in organisms, a mutation means that the protein may not work! • The ending(s) is used for many proteins are –in and –ase (enzymes) • Small proteins are often called polypeptides

  43. Proteins • 4 kcal (dietary calories) per gram • Foods include egg whites and animals, plants contain limited amounts of protein

  44. Protein Monomers • Amino acids

  45. Proteins

  46. Biurettest for proteins neg pos

  47. Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins • Enzymes regulate and maintain metabolic functions in ALL living things. They are essential to life Enzymes • Speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation • Are biological Catalysts • Are very specific • Are reusable

  48. Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins

  49. Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins • The substrate is the specific thing an enzyme works on • The name of many enzymes ends in –ase. • Often are described as lock and key because how very specific they are and how they can be reused like a lock

  50. Enzymes- The very, very specialproteins

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