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Mendelelian Genetics

Mendelelian Genetics. Go to the tutorial link at the bottom of this page and click on the “More about Heredity” demonstrations. Play the 3 videos/demos. Record at least 2 big ideas from each demo.

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Mendelelian Genetics

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  1. Mendelelian Genetics

  2. Go to the tutorial link at the bottom of this page and click on the “More about Heredity” demonstrations. • Play the 3 videos/demos. Record at least 2 big ideas from each demo. • Then, return to the page to play the heredity interactive games at the “Heredity Learning Activity” link. • For each game, record • your answers, • any important vocabulary that pops up (that you don’t already have), and • at least 1 question it makes you wonder. • GENETICS TUTORIAL LINK

  3. Gregor Mendel(1822-1884) Responsible for the Laws governing Inheritance of Traits

  4. Gregor Johann Mendel • Austrian monk • Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants • Developed the laws of inheritance • Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century

  5. Gregor Johann Mendel • Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants • He found that the plants' offspring retained traits of the parents • Called the “Father of Genetics"

  6. Site of Gregor Mendel’s experimental garden in the Czech Republic

  7. Law of Dominance In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. All the offspring will be heterozygous and express only the dominant trait. RR x rr yields all Rr (round seeds)

  8. Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as “particles” Mendel did not know that the “particles” were actually Chromosomes & DNA Particulate Inheritance

  9. Mendel’s Laws

  10. Law of Independent Assortment • Alleles for differenttraits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another.

  11. Law of Segregation • During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. • Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.

  12. Genetic Terminology • Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring • Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring • Genetics - study of heredity

  13. Types of Genetic Crosses • Monohybrid cross - cross involving a single traite.g. flower color • Dihybrid cross - cross involving two traits e.g. flower color & plant height

  14. Punnett Square Used to help solve genetics problems

  15. More Terminology Phenotype - the physical feature resulting from a genotype(e.g. flop, straight) Genotype - gene combination for a trait(e.g. RR, Rr, rr)

  16. Genotype & Phenotype in Rabbits Genotype of alleles:R= straight earsr= floppy ears All genes occur in pairs, so 2alleles affect a characteristic Possible combinations are: GenotypesRRRrrr Phenotypes Str. Str. floppy

  17. Designer “Genes” • Alleles - two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive) • Dominant – expressed whether it is paired with another dominant OR a recessive allele; represented byacapital letter (R) • Recessive - gene that shows up only when paired with another recessive allele; represented by alowercase letter (r)

  18. Genotypes • Homozygousgenotype - gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g. RR or Rr); also calledpure  • Heterozygousgenotype - gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele    (e.g. Rr); also calledhybrid

  19. Genes and Environment Determine Characteristics

  20. Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments

  21. Why peas,Pisum sativum? • Can be grown in a small area • Produce lots of offspring • Produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate several generations • Can be artificially cross-pollinated

  22. Reproduction in Flowering Plants • Pollen contains sperm • Produced by the stamen • Ovary contains eggs • Found inside the flower • Pollen carries sperm to the eggs for fertilization • Self-fertilization can occur in the same flower • Cross-fertilization can occur between flowers

  23. Mendel hand-pollinated flowers using a paintbrush He could snip the stamens to prevent self-pollination He traced traits through the several generations Mendel’s Experimental Methods

  24. How Mendel Began Mendel produced pure strains by allowing the plants to self-pollinate for several generations

  25. Eight Pea Plant Traits • Seed shape--- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r) • Seed Color---- Yellow (Y) or  Green (y) • Pod Shape--- Smooth (S) or wrinkled (s) • Pod Color---  Green (G) or Yellow (g) • Seed Coat Color---Gray (G) or White (g) • Flower position---Axial (A) or Terminal (a) • Plant Height--- Tall (T) or Short (t) • Flower color --- Purple (P) or white (p)

  26. Mendel’s Experimental Results

  27. Did the observed ratio match the theoretical ratio? The theoretical or expected ratio of plants producing round or wrinkled seeds is 3 round :1 wrinkled Mendel’s observed ratio was 2.96:1 The discrepancy is due to statistical error The larger the sample the more nearly the results approximate to the theoretical ratio

  28. Generation “Gap” • Parental P1 Generation= the parental generation in a breeding experiment. • F1 generation= the first-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. (1st filial generation) • From breeding individuals from the P1 generation • F2 generation= the second-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. (2nd filial generation) • From breeding individuals from the F1 generation

  29. Following the Generations Cross 2 Pure PlantsTT x tt Results in all HybridsTt Cross 2 Hybridsget3 Tall & 1 ShortTT, Tt, tt

  30. Monohybrid Crosses

  31. P1 Monohybrid Cross • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: RoundseedsxWrinkled seeds • RRx rr Genotype:Rr Phenotype:Round GenotypicRatio:All alike PhenotypicRatio: All alike r r Rr Rr R R Rr Rr

  32. P1 Monohybrid Cross Review • Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive • OffspringallHeterozygous(hybrids) • Offspring calledF1 generation • Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio isALL ALIKE

  33. F1 Monohybrid Cross • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: Roundseeds xRound seeds • Rrx Rr Genotype:RR, Rr, rr Phenotype:Round & wrinkled G.Ratio:1:2:1 P.Ratio: 3:1 R r RR Rr R r Rr rr

  34. F1 Monohybrid Cross Review • Heterozygous x heterozygous • Offspring:25% Homozygous dominantRR50% HeterozygousRr25% Homozygous Recessiverr • Offspring calledF2 generation • Genotypic ratio is1:2:1 • Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1

  35. What Do the Peas Look Like?

  36. …And Now the Test Cross • Mendel then crossed a pure & a hybrid from his F2 generation • This is known as an F2 or test cross • There are two possible testcrosses:Homozygous dominant x HybridHomozygous recessive x Hybrid

  37. F2 Monohybrid Cross (1st) • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: RoundseedsxRound seeds • RRx Rr Genotype:RR, Rr Phenotype:Round GenotypicRatio:1:1 PhenotypicRatio: All alike R r RR Rr R R RR Rr

  38. F2 Monohybrid Cross (2nd) • Trait: Seed Shape • Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled • Cross: WrinkledseedsxRound seeds • rrx Rr R r Genotype:Rr, rr Phenotype:Round & Wrinkled G. Ratio:1:1 P.Ratio: 1:1 Rr rr r r Rr rr

  39. F2 Monohybrid Cross Review • Homozygous x heterozygous(hybrid) • Offspring:50% Homozygous RR or rr50% HeterozygousRr • Phenotypic Ratio is 1:1 • Called Test Cross because the offspring have SAME genotype as parents

  40. Practice Your Crosses • Work the P1, F1, and both F2 Crosses for each of the other Seven Pea Plant Traits

  41. Results of Monohybrid Crosses • Inheritablefactors or genesare responsible for all heritable characteristics • Phenotype is based on Genotype • Each traitis based ontwo genes, one from the mother and the other from the father • True-breeding individuals are homozygous ( both alleles) are the same

  42. Law of Dominance

  43. Applying the Law of Segregation

  44. Dihybrid Cross • A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits. • Mendel’s “Law of Independent Assortment” • a. Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation • b. Formula: 2n (n = # of heterozygotes)

  45. Question:How many gametes will be produced for the following allele arrangements? • Remember:2n (n = # of heterozygotes) • 1. RrYy • 2. AaBbCCDd • 3. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq

  46. Answer: 1. RrYy: 2n = 22 = 4 gametes RY Ry rY ry 2. AaBbCCDd: 2n = 23 = 8 gametes ABCD ABCd AbCD AbCd aBCD aBCd abCD abCD 3. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq: 2n = 26 = 64 gametes

  47. Dihybrid Cross • Traits: Seed shape & Seed color • Alleles:R round r wrinkled Y yellow y green RrYy x RrYy RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry All possible gamete combinations

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