The Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII and the Popes

2. Previous signs of trouble for the Roman Catholic Church • Lay Investitures- who can choose clergy? • The First Schism (1054)- use of icons and more create Greek Orthodox Church • The Crusades- questioning of papal leadership • The Great Schism- 3 Popes at the same time! • Scholarly Challenges- Wycliffe and Hus • John Wycliffe- Jesus not Popes; Translated Bible • Jan Hus- Bible not Popes; excommunicated & burned at the stake

3. Confessing or Converting?

4. Where is that “Stairway to Heaven?”

5. Purgatory • "a state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in God's friendship, but were only imperfectly purified; a final cleansing of human imperfection before one is able to enter the joy of heaven." (Catechism of the Catholic Church [CCC] Page 896).

6. Martin Luther- Sola Fida!Chapter 17 Section 3

7. Luther's 95 Theses • A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) • He criticized: • The Power of the Pope • The Extreme Wealth of the Church • Sale of Indulgences (Idea that you could buy your way out of consequences of sin)

8. Luther’s Major ideas: • You are saved because of your faith in God alone, not because of attaining sacraments or performing good works (like indulgences). (Justification by Faith) • Bible is sole authority on God’s will (sola Scripta) • “Priesthood of all believers” – all men and women have access to God through faith without need of priests

9. Selected theses, Martin Luther, October 31, 1517 • 21. Thus those preachers of indulgences are in error who say that by the indulgences of the Pope a man is freed and saved from all punishment. • 24. Hence, the greater part of the people must needs be deceived by this indiscriminate and high-sounding promise of release from penalties. • 32. Those who believe that, through letters of pardon, they are made sure of their own salvation will be eternally damned along with their teachers.... • 43. Christians should be taught that he who gives to a poor man, or lends to a needy man, does better than if he bought pardons. .

10. Pope Leo X (Medici) • He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

11. Church’s Reaction • Want Martin Luther to recant (take back) what he said @ Diet of Worms • Diet – group/assembly • Worms is a place in Germany

12. Luther says NO!!!!!!!!!!Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." ("Here I stand. I can do nothing else. God help me. Amen.") He is excommunicated from church and forced into hiding for the rest of his life

13. Recap • October 31, 1517 • Ideas spread- Printing Press • Excommunicated 1521 • Diet of Worms- Luther defends Himself • Translates the Bible into German languages • Followers called Lutherans

14. Martin Luther on the run! • 1520- Pope sends envoys to Germany to persuade Luther to withdraw criticisms • Pope condemns and excommunicates Luther • Luther burns Popes responses • Diet of Worms • Luther in hiding from Charles V of Germany and the Pope • Peasant Uprising (want to end serfdom) • Luther Supporters called Protestants • War for 20 plus years

15. War in the Holy Roman Empire • Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, wants to keep German states Catholic • Many German Princes want independence and reform • War 1520’s – 1555 • Schmalkaldic League – Lutheran Princes and their armies fight Charles V and the Pope

16. The Truce • Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each German prince can determine the religion of the people in his land.

18. New Protestant Denominations (sects of churches) • Calvinism • Anglicanism – King of England is head of the Church of England • Anabaptists • Huguenots • Huldrych Zwingli

19. John Calvin Major ideas: • Sola Scripta • Predestination – god has already chosen who will be saved and who won’t be Followers called: • Huguenots (France) • Puritans (England) - Tried to rid or “purify” the Protestant church of shows of wealth and rituals • Presbyterians (Scotland)

20. Henry VIII Creates the Church of England Wanted a son! Wanted a divorce! Pope says no!

22. Creates religious conflict in England • Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary” – anti- Protestant • Elizabeth Tudor – Protestant – tried to create a compromise to avoid further conflict.

23. Henry VIII & Anglicanism (The Church of England) • At first defended Catholicism against Luther – “Defender of the Faith” • 1527 – Wants a divorce- Wife gave birth to a girl • Wife has powerful relatives – dissuade the pope • Henry breaks with Catholicism (marriage won’t be annulled) • Parliament creates Act of Supremacy (1534)making Henry, not Pope, head of the English Church • All must swear allegiance or be arrested. • Henry takes land back from church and breaks up monasteries

24. 4. Catholic Counter Reformation • Catholic leaders agree to reforms to prevent further conversions to Protestantism- Ends Indulgences • Council of Trent • Ignatius of Loyola & the Jesuits – Wipeout heresy and spread Catholicism

25. The Inquisition • Spain • European Jews (Diaspora Continued)

26. Causes of the Protestant Reformation