1 / 19

Language Contact

Language Contact. Contact Situations I. High-level intensity > Bilingualism II. Low-level intensity > Sufficient for lexical borrowing III. Prestige IV. Need (Borrowing accompanies introduction of new thing or concept). Borrowing. 1. Lexical, including calques 2. Phonological

daxia
Télécharger la présentation

Language Contact

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Language Contact • Contact Situations • I. High-level intensity > Bilingualism • II. Low-level intensity > Sufficient for lexical borrowing • III. Prestige • IV. Need (Borrowing accompanies introduction of new thing or concept)

  2. Borrowing 1. Lexical, including calques 2. Phonological 3. Morphological

  3. 1. Lexical Borrowing • 11th century Norman invasion • => Borrowing due to intense contact • Nearly 1/3 of frequently used English vocabulary borrowed from French

  4. Prestige • NativeFrench Borrowing • cow beef • calf veal • pig pork

  5. Prestige => Formality • Native JapaneseSino-Japanese • kimi-tachi 諸君 sho-kun • ‘you-all’ ‘each-gentleman’ • suwaru着席 chaku-seki • ‘sit’ ‘take-seat’

  6. Need-based Borrowing • potato (Spanish > English) • coffee (Turkish > European languages) • 谷歌 (English > Mandarin) • guge • ‘Google’

  7. Immediate/Ultimate Source • UltimateImmediate • potato Taino (Haiti) > Spanish patatapatata/batata • UltimateImmediate • coffee Arabic > Turkish • qahwa kahveh

  8. Calques: Loan Translations • railroad/railway ‘iron road/way’ • Finnish: rauta-tie ‘iron-road’ • French: chemin de fer ‘road of iron’ • German: Eisen-bahn ‘iron-path/road’ • Spanish: ferro-carril ‘iron-lane/way’ • Japanese: 鉄道 tetsudoo ‘iron way’ • Mandarin: 鉄路 tielu ‘iron road’

  9. 2. Phonological Borrowing • English [ʒ] from French • rouge, prestige • => New sound introduced

  10. New Phonemic Distinction • Japanese allophones of /t/ • /t/ > [ts] / [ɯ] ([tsɯkaɯ] ‘use’) • /t/ > [ʧ] / [i] ([ʧiːsai] ‘small’) • But /t/ > [t] / [i] possible in loans. • [tiː] ‘tea’ • [paːtiː] ‘party’

  11. 3. Morphological Borrowing • Latin > French > English –able/-ible • equitable, potable, legible • Attach to native stems • => doable, singable, laughable, drinkable

  12. Pidgins & Creoles • Contact of mutually unintelligible languages • Mixture of characteristics of both • Lexicon from socially dominant language (superstrate) • Phonology from nondominant language (substrate) • Creole – Nativized pidgin

  13. Tok Pisin • Tok Pisin is a creole; an official language of Papua New Guinea. • English lexicon, Melanesian phonology • [dok] ‘dog’ • [fis] ‘fish’ • [pen] ‘paint’ • [penim] ‘paint something’

  14. Dispela marasin bilong klinim tis. • ‘This medicine is for cleaning teeth.’ • pela < ‘fellow’ • => suffix to create determiner or noun modifier • bilong < ‘belong’ • => purpose, possession • -im < ‘him’ • => object marker

  15. Papa bilong mipela • Yu stap long heven. • Nem bilong yu i mas i stap holi. • Our father, • who art in heaven, • hallowed be thy name.

  16. Language Endangerment • Minority languages in multi-lingual societies lose speakers. • Moribund – Children cease to acquire the language. • Language death – Last native speakers die.

  17. Factors • 1. Discrimination (e.g. legal prohibition) • 2. Limited domains of usage (e.g. home, immediate family) • 3. Educational, economic pressure – People leave the community for opportunity.

  18. Endangered Languages • Many Native American languages • Native Austronesian languages in Taiwan • Native languages in North Africa • Native languages in China • Native languages in Russia

  19. Colonial Languages in Taiwan 1662: Chinese colonization 1895: Japanese occupation • Japanese as the official language • Japanese as the language of public education 1945: Return of Chinese rule • Mandarin replaces Japanese.

More Related