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Behavior Modification - Helping Individuals Change Health Behaviors

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  1. chapter22 Behavior Modification Janet Buckworth

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe the principles of behavior change described in the transtheoretical model. • Discuss motivation and other factors that influence exercise adoption and adherence. • Describe appropriate behavior change strategies to use with individuals in different stages of motivational readiness. (continued)

  3. Learning Objectives (continued) • Describe how relapse prevention can be applied to exercise behavior. • Identify effective communication skills necessary to motivate and support health behavior change.

  4. Helping Individuals Change Health Behaviors • Knowledge • A theoretical model to explain and predict behavior (transtheoretical model) • Factors that influence health behaviors: attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral skills • Skills • Behavior change strategies matched to stage of motivational readiness • The ability to listen effectively and respond empathetically

  5. Transtheoretical Modelof Behavior Change Theoretical foundation: The transtheoretical model of behavior change • Behavior change is a dynamic process involving attitudes, decisions, and actions. • Individuals progress through distinct, often nonsequential stages of change. • Intervention strategies must be matched to the stage a person is in. (continued)

  6. Transtheoretical Modelof Behavior Change (continued) Stages of change in exercise • Precontemplation: inactive, not considering exercise • Contemplation: inactive, considering beginning exercise within next 6 mo • Preparation: plan to begin program within 1 mo • Action: active at criteria level for less than 6 mo • Maintenance: active at criteria level for 6 mo or more (continued)

  7. Transtheoretical Modelof Behavior Change (continued) Attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral skills that influence behavior change • Self-efficacy (belief in capability to engage in a specific behavior successfully) • Decisional balance (evaluating the pros and cons of the target behavior) • Processes of change (strategies used to change behavior) • Experiential/cognitive • Behavioral

  8. Stagesof Behavior Change

  9. Promoting Exercise:Targeting Precontemplators and Contemplators Key factors • Individual characteristics • Social influences • Environmental dynamics

  10. Promoting Exercise:Individual Characteristics • Exercise history • Motivation • Perceived behavior control • Self-efficacy

  11. Promoting Exercise:Environmental Dynamics • Cues or prompts • Access to facilities • Lack of time (real, perceived, skill related, rationalization) • Natural (climate, geography) • Constructed (quality of workout facilities, traffic)

  12. Considerationsfor Marketing Exercise • Reduce the perceived costs and increase the perceived benefits of being active. • Provide practical support and encouragement. • Include motivational prompts suited to the target group. • Reduce environmental barriers.

  13. Enhancing Adherence: Methods of Behavior Change • Assess. • Physiological (physical fitness, health) • Psychosocial (goals, motivation) • Evaluate past attempts at change. • Self-monitor to identify barriers and supports. (continued)

  14. Enhancing Adherence: Methods of Behavior Change (continued) Enhance self-efficacy through the following: • Set up mastery experiences. • Provide verbal encouragement. • Provide successful models. • Offer information about normal physiological responses to exercise and how to interpret them.

  15. Methods of Behavior Change:Goal Setting • Define goals in behavioral terms (measurable). • Set specific goals. • Make the goals flexible. • Include short-term and long-term goals. • Make the goal challenging but achievable. • Address physiological factors. • Consider environmental influences. • Provide timely and specific feedback.

  16. Methods of Behavior Change:Reinforcement • Temporally close to target behavior • Tangible or intangible • Meaningful to the participant • Addition of something positive or removal of something negative

  17. Methods of Behavior Change:Behavioral Contacts Principles • Contracts should specify goal-directed behaviors. • Terms should be very clear. • Contracts should be generally positive. • Contracts should be fair. • Procedures should be systematic and consistent. • At least one other person should participate.

  18. Methods of Behavior Change:Relapse Prevention • Relapse occurs when a person stops a healthy behavior and goes back to unhealthy habits. • High-risk situations increase the risk of relapse. • Relapse prevention attempts to identify and deal with potential high-risk situations.

  19. Health Fitness CounselingCommunication Skills • Effective listening • Attend to verbal and nonverbal messages. • Identify overt message and underlying meaning. • Practice responsive listening. • Empathetic responding • Communicate understanding. • Maintain nonjudgmental reactions. • Don’t make assumptions. • Be honest and supportive.

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