THE NEW FRONTIER AND THE GREAT SOCIETY

1. THE NEW FRONTIER AND THE GREAT SOCIETY KENNEDY AND JOHNSON LEAD AMERICA IN THE 1960S

2. SECTION 1: KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR I. Election of 1960 A. Democratic nominee for president 1960 Massachusetts senator John F. Kennedy 1. discusses Catholicism openly Senator Kennedy, 1958

3. REPUBLICAN OPPONENT: RICHARD NIXON B. Republicans nominated Richard Nixon, Ike’s Vice-President C. Two factors helped put Kennedy over the top: T.V. and Civil Rights Nixon hoped to ride the coattails of the popular President

4. TELEVISED DEBATE AFFECTS VOTE D. September 26, 1960, Kennedy and Nixon took part in first televised presidential debate 1. Nixon is foreign policy expert 2. Kennedy coached by TV producers, comes across more confident, relaxed than Nixon

5. JFK’S OTHER EDGE: CIVIL RIGHTS Kennedy and Civil Rights E. October, 1960, Police arrested Martin Luther King for conducting a “Sit-In” at a lunch counter in Georgia Sit-Ins were non-violent protests over the policy of whites-only lunch counters in the South

6. JFK, NIXON REACT DIFFERENTLY TO KING ARREST F. JFK phoned King’s wife and his brother, Robert Kennedy (RFK), worked for King’s release. 1. Kennedy gains African American votes. King Kennedy

7. KENNEDY WINS CLOSE ELECTION

8. CLOSEST ELECTION SINCE 1884 November 8, 1960 election G. Kennedy winspresidency in close election (did not have popular mandate) In inaugural address, JFK uttered this famous challenge: “Ask not what your country can do for you --- ask what you can do for your country” RMN JFK

9. “ASK NOT . . .” Delivered Friday, January 20, 1961

10. II. THE CAMELOT YEARS Kennedy White House known as Camelot for its glamour, culture, wit A. First Lady, Jacqueline, admired for her elegance; constant articles about family • The Kennedy's were considered American “Royalty” (hence “Camelot” reference)

11. THE BEST AND THE BRIGHTEST JFK surrounded himself with the “best and the brightest” available talent B. Relied on his 35-year-old brother Robert Kennedy, appointed attorney general RFK was John’s closest friend and advisor

12. III. NEW MILITARY POLICY FOCUS ON THE COLD WAR A. JFK focused on the Cold War (Soviet relations) B. Flexible Response JFK’S Defense strategy= fight conventional wars, keep nuclear arms balanced JFK tripled our nuclear capability, increased troops, ships and artillery, and created the Green Berets (Special Forces)

13. IV. CRISIS OVER CUBA A. 90 miles off the coast of Florida, Cuba presented first big test of JFK’s foreign policy B. Communist Cuba was led by revolutionary leader Fidel Castro.

14. Dwight D. Eisenhower During the War As President

15. C. BAY OF PIGSApril 17-19, 1961 1. CIA-financed and trained groups of Cuban refugees invade Cuba and attempts to topple communist government of Fidel Castro. 2. The attack was an utter failure; exile forces killed, taken prisoner 3. JFK pays ransom in food, medicine; mission is public embarrassment “We looked like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies and incompetents to the rest” Quote from U.S. Commentator

16. D. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962 1. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev sends nuclear weapons to Cuba=promised to defend Cuba with Soviet weapons 2. Summer of 1962 the flow of Soviet weapons into Cuba – including nuclear – increased greatly

17. KENNEDY RESPONDS Kennedy made it clear the U.S. would not tolerate nuclear weapons in Cuba 3. Surveillance photos revealed nukes ready to launch in Cuba 4. JFK warns Soviets that missile attack will trigger war on U.S.S.R. American president John F Kennedy making his dramatic television broadcast to announce the Cuba blockade during the Cuban Missile Crisis 

18. 13 DAYS 5. More Soviet ships headed for the U.S. with weapons, JFK ordered a naval blockade 6. First break in the crisis occurred when the Soviets ships turned back 7. Soviet PM Khrushchev agreed to remove the nuclear weapons from Cuba in exchange for a U.S. promise NOT to invade Cuba& to remove missiles fromTurkey. • Soviets avoid confrontation at sea; reach agreement with U.S. For 13 days in October, 1962 the world stood still as the threat of nuclear war gripped the planet

20. V. BERLIN CRISIS A. By 1961 20% of East Germans flee to West Berlin (flee communist rule); economic drain on East B. Khrushchev wants to close access roads to West Berlin; JFK refuses

21. SOVIETS SEEK TO STOP EXODUS • Just after midnight on August 13, 1961 the Soviets began construction of a 90-mile wall separating East and West Berlin C. Soviets isolate West Berlin from East Germany with Berlin Wall -concrete barrier topped with barbed wire that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989, completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin East Germany begins construction on the Berlin Wall, which becomes a primary symbol of the Cold War and Soviet oppression

22. http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-airlift http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-airlift/videos

26. Both Khrushchev and Kennedy began searching for ways to ease the enormous tension between the two superpowers • In 1963 they established a hot line between the White House and the Kremlin • Later that year, the superpowers signed a Limited Test Ban Treaty that served to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere

27. VI. EASING TENSIONS A. Khrushchev, Kennedy conscious of danger of quick decisions B. Establish hot line —direct phone between White House, Kremlin C. Limited Test Ban Treaty bans nuclear tests in atmosphere

28. SECTION 2: THE NEW FRONTIER I. The Promise of Progress A. Kennedy program called “The New Frontier”-policies of the Kennedy administration 1. Economy, education, medical care for the elderly and the poor, and space exploration

29. Difference between Recession and Depression 1. Recession is a less severe form of economic downturn.Decline in GDP for two successive quarters and decline in customer spending .2. Recession occurs more frequently than depression.3. When the GDP declines by more than 10% and lasts longer than 3 years, its called depression. In economics, recession and depression both means a slowdown in economic activity. Generally recession can be taken as a far less severe form of depression. B. Stimulating the Economy 1. By 1960, U.S. in recession; 6% unemployment 2. JFK administration pushes for deficit spending to stimulate growth 3. Gets 20% increase for defense; money for unemployment problems Does not have popular mandate!

30. THE PEACE CORPS C. Addressing Poverty Abroad 1. Peace Corps—volunteers assist developing nations; great success a) developing nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America 2. Alliance for Progress—economic, technical assistance to Latin America a) in part meant to deter spread of communism in Latin America

31. D. RACE TO THE MOON 1. On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut first human in space 2. America’s space agency (NASA, National Aeronautical and Space Administration) began construction on new launch facilities in Cape Canaveral, Florida and a mission control center in Houston, Texas

32. A MAN ON THE MOON Armstrong 3. May 5, 1961, U.S. puts man in space. Alan Shepard, Freedom 7 4. July 1969 U.S astronaut Neil Armstrong first man on moon 5. University science programs grow; new industries, technologies arise a) Space and defense-related industries sprang up in Southern and Western states “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”

33. The Sunbelt Many people migrated to the Sunbelt to in the defense, aerospace, electronics, and petrochemical industries. • Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, roughly half of California

34. KENNEDY ADDRESSES INNER CITY BLIGHT AND RACISM E. Addressing DomesticProblems 1. Michael Harrington’s The Other America brings attention to poverty 2. 1963, Kennedy begins to work on poverty, racial injustice, civil rights called for “a national assault on the causes of poverty” 3. Attorney General Robert Kennedy to investigate racial injustice in the South 4. Pushes a sweeping civil rights bill and tax cut bill to spur the economy

35. II. TRAGEDY IN DALLAS • On a sunny day on November 22,1963, Air Force One landed in Dallas with JFK and Jackie • JFK received warm applause from the crowd that lined the downtown streets of Dallas as he rode in the back seat of an open-air limousine

36. JFK SHOT TO DEATH • As the motorcade approached the Texas Book Depository, shots rang out • JFK was shot in the neck and then the head • Four Days in November A. November 22, 1963, JFK shot, killed riding in motorcade in Dallas • President Kennedy was dead (11/22/63)

37. LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT • The Vice-President, Lyndon Baines Johnson, became President after JFK was assassinated • November 22, 1963 B. Vice president Lyndon Johnson(LBJ) succeeds JFK A somber LBJ takes the oath of office aboard Air Force One with the Jackie next to him

38. JFK LAID TO REST • All work stopped for Kennedy’s funeral as America mourned its fallen leader • The assassination and the televised funeral became historic events • Like 9-11, Americans can recall where they were when they heard the news of the President’s death Three-year old John Kennedy Jr. salutes his father’s coffin during the funeral

39. LEE HARVEY OSWALD CHARGED; SHOT TO DEATH • A 24-year-old Marine with a suspicious past left a palm print on the rifle used to kill JFK • He was charged and as a national television audience watched his transfer from one jail to another, nightclub owner Jack Ruby broke through the crowd and shot Oswald to death C. Jack Ruby shoots alleged JFK assassin Lee Harvey Oswald Jack Ruby, right, shoots Oswald, center, to death 11/24/63

40. D.Warren Commission investigates, concludes Oswald acted alone E. 1979 reinvestigation concludes Oswald part of conspiracy 1.The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963 to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy, November 22, 1963. 2. The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren Unanswered Questions

41. SECTION 3: THE GREAT SOCIETY I. LBJ’s Path to Power • Texas Congressman, Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) mentored, helped by FDR • 1948, LBJ narrowly wins Senate seat • 1955, LBJ becomes Senate majority leader • “LBJ treatment”—ability to persuade senators to support his bills • Gets Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed—voting rights measure A. LBJ helps Kennedy win key Southern states in presidential election Senator Johnson pictured in 1958

42. II. JOHNSON’S DOMESTIC AGENDA

43. A. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 1. The Act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin, and granted the federal government new powers to enforce the law LBJ signs the Civil Rights Act as Martin Luther King watches

44. B. VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965 1. Part of the Civil Rights Act was to insure voting rights for all Americans 2. The act prohibited literacy tests or other discriminatory practices for voting "By the way, what's the big word?"

45. C. LBJ declares “war on poverty” 1. August of 1964 Economic Opportunity Act: education, training, small business loans provided $1 billion in aid to the inner city

46. ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT 2. THE EOA legislation created: a) The Job Corps job training for poor, young Americans b) VISTA (Volunteers in service to America) domestic peace crop c)Project Head Start for underprivileged preschoolers d)The Community Action Program encouraged the poor to participate in public works program Project Head Start is still going strong

47. III. THE 1964 ELECTION A. 1964, Republicans nominated senator Barry Goldwater B. Goldwater opposed LBJ’s social legislation - government should not deal with social, economic problems C. Suggesting the use of nuclear weapons in Cuba and North Vietnam

48. LBJ WINS BY A LANDSLIDE D. LBJ won the 1964 election 1. Many Americans saw Goldwater as a War Hawk 2. LBJ says will not send troops to Vietnam; wins by landslide 3. Democrats increased their majority in Congress • Now Johnson launched his reform program in earnest

49. LBJ easily defeats Goldwater in ‘64

50. BUILDING THE GREAT SOCIETY IV. The Great Society A. LBJ vision for America : “The Great Society”-LBJ’s legislation to end poverty, discrimination • Congress passed 206 of LBJ’s Great Society legislative initiatives