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Aerobic Cell Respiration - Review

This review on aerobic cellular respiration, authored by Luxi Nanthakumar and Andy Rambarack, explains the biochemical process through which glucose and oxygen are transformed into water, carbon dioxide, and energy in the form of ATP. We explore the significance of this metabolic process for life, how it works—from glycolysis in the cytoplasm to the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria—and the accounting of ATP produced. A vital insight for understanding energy conversion in biological organisms.

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Aerobic Cell Respiration - Review

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  1. Aerobic Cell Respiration - Review Luxi Nanthakumar, Andy Rambarack

  2. What is it? • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP • Glucose + Oxygen  Water + Carbon Dioxide • Metabolic reactions to convert nutrients into energy

  3. Why is it important? • We eat glucose • Energy in the form of ATP is produced • Necessary for life

  4. How does it work? • When we breathe air in…

  5. We get oxygen! O2

  6. How does it work? • When we eat food…

  7. We get glucose! • C6H12O6

  8. In the cytoplasm… • 6-carbon glucose is phosphorylated using ATP which turns into ADP ADP ADP ATP ATP P P

  9. Making a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate P P

  10. Which breaks into 2 molecules

  11. We now have two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules!

  12. 2 NAD+ molecules come to oxidize them NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+

  13. Free phosphates are added P P

  14. 4 ADP molecules dephosphorylate the 3-carbon sugar diphosphate ADP ADP ADP ADP

  15. The phosphates break off, producing 4 ATP molecules ATP ATP ATP ATP

  16. Leaving 2 pyruvate molecules!

  17. Transition step in mitochondria • Pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+ NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+

  18. Oxygen molecules decarboxylate pyruvate, producing… O2 O2 CO2 CO2

  19. Carbon dioxide and Acetyl-CoA! Coenzyme-A transports the Acetyl-CoA to the matrix

  20. In the mitochondrial matrix • The 2-carbon chain connects to a 4-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate), making a 6-carbon chain (citrate) Coenzyme-A returns to pyruvate oxidation

  21. In the Krebs cycle • Citrate is oxidized … twice! • Producing CO2 … twice! NAD+ NADH CO2

  22. Remember it happens twice NAD+ NADH CO2

  23. ADP is phosphorylated, producing ATP ATP ADP

  24. NAD+ and FAD are reduced, producing NADH and FADH2 NAD+ NADH FAD FADH2

  25. The 4-carbon molecule rearranges itself for another cycle

  26. Krebs cycle repeats • Because there were two pyruvate molecules

  27. In the Inner Membrane of the mitochondria… • Electrons from NADH pass through 3 proteins Protein Complex II Protein Complex I Protein Complex III NADH

  28. Electrons from FADH2pass through 2 proteins Protein Complex II Protein Complex I Protein Complex III FADH2

  29. As electrons pass through, H+ ions pumped into inter-membrane space H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein Complex

  30. The H+ ions return through ATP synthase H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ATP Synthase Protein Complex

  31. ATP is produced as H+ ions pass through ATP synthase • Oxygen molecules combine with the electrons and protons to make water! H+ ATP Synthase ATP O2 H2O

  32. Remember CO2 and H2O? CO2 H2O and are products of cellular respiration They are expelled from the body as waste

  33. ATP Accounting • During glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose • Because the NADH molecules from glycolysis must enter the mitochondria from outside, it requires 1 ATP molecule each

  34. Now build your own!

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