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THE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH IN PSYCHOLOGY

THE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH IN PSYCHOLOGY. Children are not born with the same abilities as an adult. Abilities must be part maturation, part learning Can you think of examples?. Children LEARN certain behaviours . Two theories of learning 1. Conditioning 2. Social learning theory.

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THE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH IN PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. THE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH IN PSYCHOLOGY Developmental Key Concepts

  2. Children are not born with the same abilities as an adult • Abilities must be part maturation, part learning • Can you think of examples? Developmental Key Concepts

  3. Children LEARN certain behaviours • Two theories of learning • 1. Conditioning • 2. Social learning theory Developmental Key Concepts

  4. Conditioning • Children will continue to do things if their behaviour is reinforced • Rewards & punishments Developmental Key Concepts

  5. Social Learning Theory • Children’s role models have a big impact on their behaviour • We imitate what we see Developmental Key Concepts

  6. Can a person’s behaviour be explained by early experiences? • What behaviours were reinforced? • (Parents can reinforce behaviours without realising it) Developmental Key Concepts

  7. Can a person’s behaviour be explained by early experiences? • What type of people were their role models? • (role models can come from the home, neighbourhood, school or media) Developmental Key Concepts

  8. Can a person’s behaviour be explained by early experiences? • What did they learn from watching TV or DVDs? • (what about the Internet or video games?) Developmental Key Concepts

  9. CORE STUDY: BANDURA et al. (1961) • Is aggression learnt? • 3 groups of pre-schoolers from a creche • Watched an adult play with a 5ft “Bobo doll” • Scripted behaviour: aggressive, non-aggressive & control • Children observed with 3ft Bobo doll • Imitated verbal & physical aggression –especially boys! Developmental Key Concepts

  10. Other theories - repression • Painful childhood experiences may be repressed but affect later thoughts/behaviour • Often associated with childhood abuse Developmental Key Concepts

  11. Freudian Theories • Freud claims progression through the Oedipus/Electra Complex • We come to terms with being sexually attracted to our parents! • This process forms strong moral conscience (the “Superego”) Developmental Key Concepts

  12. Can a person’s behaviour be explained by early experiences? • Did they get through their Oedipus Complex successfully? • (Elektra Complex for girls) Developmental Key Concepts

  13. Can a person’s behaviour be explained by early experiences? • Has the child repressed memories that affect their behaviour? Developmental Key Concepts

  14. Can a person’s behaviour be explained by early experiences? • Did the child suffer an early trauma that may be affecting the unconsciously for years afterwards? Developmental Key Concepts

  15. Psychodynamic Theory • Freud’s ideas • Mind is at war with itself • Three layers of consciousness • Only aware of CONSCIOUS Developmental Key Concepts

  16. The Oedipus Complex • Personality develops in PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES • Age 5 is crucial • Attraction to opposite sex parent • Hatred/fear of same sex parent • Named after Greek myth – Oedipus killed father and married mother Developmental Key Concepts

  17. CORE STUDY: FREUD (1909) • Freud analysed “Little Hans”, 5yr old son of a friend • Hans was phobic of horses • Obsessed with his “widdler” • Hans’ father questioned the boy – boy expressed peculiar fantasies • Gradually, phobia faded • Was “horse” symbol for “father”? Hans was sexually jealous of his father, but felt anxiety over these feelings Developmental Key Concepts

  18. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT • How does the WAY WE THINK change as we get older? • Do children think in the same way as adults? • Or are they “cognitive aliens” (Piaget) • Are there crucial ages? – developmental milestones • Does everyone develop in the same order? Developmental Key Concepts

  19. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) • Most influential developmental psychologist • Swiss, child prodigy • Big idea: thinking develops in stages • Studied his own children! • Concluded: children don’t know less than adults… • … they just think differently Developmental Key Concepts

  20. Conservation Studies 1 • Piaget showed child two rows of counters • Which has more? CHILD: “They’re the same” • Adults moves one row to spread counters out • Same question – CHILD: “That row has more” • Children cannot “rewind the tape” in their minds • CONSERVATION OF NUMBER Developmental Key Concepts

  21. Conservation Studies 2 • Conservation of VOLUME • Two cups of water – both the same • Pour one cup into a tall, thin glass • Child thinks taller glass “has more” • Conservation of MASS • Roll dough out flat – looks bigger Developmental Key Concepts

  22. Developmental Key Concepts

  23. Stages of Development • Piaget argues we develop in STAGES • Children up to 7 are in PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE • After 7, in CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE • That’s why they start passing the conservation tests at age 7 • Pre-operational children cannot conserve… • … are perceptually egocentric • … rely on intuition not reason Developmental Key Concepts

  24. CORE STUDY: SAMUEL & BRYANT (1983) • Wanted to test Piaget’s conclusions • Tested 250 children, aged 5, 6, 7 and 8 • Conservation of number, mass and volume • Standard (Piaget) procedure • 1-question (ask only after transformation) • Fixed array (control) – didn’t get to see objects pre-transformation… much harder • Children did better with 1-question • Suggests they CAN conserve pre-7 Developmental Key Concepts

  25. NATURE VS NURTURE • Big debate in psychology & other social sciences • NATURE: most of our characteristics are INNATE (we’re born with them, they come out over time) • NURTURE: we LEARN characteristics from our environment, upbringing, etc • Developmental Psychology sits on the fence • It’s a bit of both Developmental Key Concepts

  26. ETHNOCENTRISM • Most research on Western children… • Comfortable… Protected… Child-centred family • Child soldiers in Africa • Romanian orphans • Child labourers • ETHNOCENTRISM: treating our culture as “normal” or “right” Developmental Key Concepts

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