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HUBUNGAN TANAH - UNSUR HARA – TANAMAN

Bahan Kajian MK. Manajemen Kesuburan Tanah. HUBUNGAN TANAH - UNSUR HARA – TANAMAN. Smno.jurstnh.fpub.jun2013. The Chemical Soil Properties.

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HUBUNGAN TANAH - UNSUR HARA – TANAMAN

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  1. BahanKajian MK. ManajemenKesuburan Tanah HUBUNGAN TANAH - UNSUR HARA – TANAMAN Smno.jurstnh.fpub.jun2013

  2. The Chemical Soil Properties Tanaman sebagai produsen primer memerlukan unsur-unsur mineral yang diambilnyadari tanah dan menggabungkannya dengan Karbon Dioksida (CO2) (dari udara) dan Air (H2O) (dari tanah) untuk menghasilkan gula, karbohidrat dan protein, yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhannya.Tanaman melakukan prosesini dengan menggunakan energi matahari untuk menggabungkan unsurkimiamenjadiprotein dan karbohidrat. . http://phasm.co.uk/guerrilla-soil-science/soil-properties/

  3. UNSUR HARA TANAMAN. Rhizobacteria found in the soil layer bound to the plants roots can enhance plant growth by: producing chemicals to promote plant growth producing antibiotics to protect roots from disease absorbing toxic metals making nutrients more available http://moodle.unitec.ac.nz/mod/book/view.php?id=146240&chapterid=8786

  4. .Kapasitas air yang tersedia Jumlah air yang diambilolehtanamantergantungpadasifatfisikdankimiatanah, dankerapatanakar, kedalamanperakaran, kebutuhantanamandandurasipertumbuhantanaman.Kapasitas air yang tersediauntukduatanaman yang berbedadirepresentasikansebagai “kaleng” air .Daerah birudanmerahmewakilikapasitas air yang tersediauntuktanaman yang berbedakemampuannyamenyerap air. Air yang tersimpandidaerahpermukaan (merah) rawanpenguapandanmungkintidaktersediabagitanaman. . http://www.apsim.info/Portals/0/APSoil/SoilMatters/Mod1/2_12.htm

  5. PENYERAPAN AIR DAN HARA OLEH AKAR. Bulu-buluakarmenyerap air danharadraidalamtanah Most of the water is absorbed by the plants is through root hair zone.  The figure shows the pathway of soil water into root system. http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/4_PLANT_AND_WATER_RELATIONSHIP.htm

  6. .Penyerapan Air olehAkarTanaman The surface area of the roots is increased by root hairs. Most of the water and mineral ions are absorbed by root hair cells. Water is absorbed by osmosis. Most of the mineral ions are absorbed by active transport. http://www.skinnerscience.com/Biology/gcse%20unit3%20revision%20notes.htm

  7. .KTK danKetersediaan Hara Kation tukar, tersedia bagi tanaman. Akar tanaman juga memiliki kapasitas tukar kation. Ion hidrogen dari buluakar dan mikroorganisme dapat menggantikan kation haradari kompleks pertukaran koloid tanah. Kation hara kemudian dilepaskan ke dalam larutan tanah dandiserapoleh akar tanamandan organisme tanah. Kationlarutinimungkin akan hilang bersamaair drainase. http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch05s07.html.

  8. Unsur hara Mineral dalam Tumbuhan • TUMBUHAN: • MAMPU membuat senyawa organik dari senyawa anorganik dan unsur-unsur yang ada di lingkungannya (autotrophic) • Semua kebutuhan C, H, dan O disuplai dalam bentuk CO2, dan H2O • Mampu mendapatkan semus unsur hara lainnya dari tanah , sehingga ia berfungsi sebagai soil miners.

  9. Unsur hara Mineral dalam Tumbuhan • Kajianmengenaibagaimanatumbuhanmemperoleh, mendistribusikan, metabolieme, danmenggunakanunsurhara mineral. • “Mineral”: unsuranorganik • Umumnyadiperolehdalambentuk ion-ion anorganikdaritanah • “Nutrient”: senyawa yang diperlukanuntukhidupdandiperlukanuntuksintesissenyawaorganik

  10. Unsur Hara MAKRO

  11. Unsur Hara MIKRO

  12. Defisiensi Hara Defisiensiunsurharaterjadikalaukonsentrasiharatersebutmenurunhinggadibawahbataskritisnya • Deficiensisuatuunsurharatertentumemunculkangejala visual yang spesifik, seringkalikarakteristik, gejala-gejalainimencerminkanfungsiunsurharatersebutdalammetabolismetumbuhan

  13. Defisiensi vs. Kecukupan Hara

  14. Pola-poladefisiensihara • Lokasi gejala defisiensi mencerminkan mobilitas unsur hara • Unsur hara di-redistribusikan dalam jaringan phloem • Daun tua = mobil • Daun muda = immobil

  15. Esensialitas unsur hara mineral Essential: Universal untuk semua tumbuhan • – Tidak-adanya mengakibatkan siklus hidup tidak lengkap • – Tidak-adanya mengakibatkan defisiensi • – Required for some aspect of mineral nutrition • Beneficial: seringkali terbatas untuk beberapa species • – Menstimulir pertumbuhan dan perkembangan • – May be required in some species • – Misalnya: Na, Si, Se

  16. Esensialitas unsur hara mineral • Ada empat kelompok dasar: • Kelompok I: • Membentuk senyawa organik tumbuhan • Tumbuhan mengassimilasi unsur hara ini melalui reaksi biokimia melibatkan oksidasi dan reduksi • Kelompok II: • Reaksi penyimpanan energi atau mempertahanakan integritas struktural • Present in plant tissue as phosphate, borate or silicate esters • The elemental is bound to OH group of an organic molecule

  17. Biochemical functions of mineral nutrients

  18. Esensialitas unsur hara mineral • Kelompok III: • Ada dalam jaringan tumbuhan sebagai ion bebas atau ion yang terikat pada substrat, seperti pektin dari dinding sel tumbuhan • Of particular importance are their roles as • Enzyme cofactors • In the regulation of osmotic potentials

  19. Fungsi Biokimia Unsur Hara Mineral

  20. Esensialitas unsur hara mineral • Kelompok IV: • Unsurharainimempunyaifungsipentingdalamreaksi-reaksi yang melibatkan transfer elektron. • Beberapaunsurharajugaterlibatdalampembentukanhormonpertumbuhan – Zinc • Reaksicahayadari photosynthesis - Copper

  21. FungsiBiokimiaUnsur Hara Mineral

  22. Bagaimana tumbuhan memperoleh Unsur Hara nya? Penyerapanmelaluidaun • Artificial: called foliar application. Used to apply iron, copper and manganese. • Asosiasidenganmycorrhiza • Fungi membantupenyerapanunsurharaolehakar • Penyerapanolehakar

  23. Tanah memepengaruhi penyerapan unsur hara • pH affects the growth of plant roots and soil microbes • Root growth favors a pH of 5.5 to 6.5 • Acidic conditions weathers rock and releases potassium, magnesium, calcium, and manganese. • The decomposition of organic material lowers soil pH. • Rainfall leaches ions through soil to form alkaline conditions

  24. Tanah memepengaruhi penyerapan unsur hara • Negatively charged soil particles affect the absorption of mineral nutrients • Cation exchange occurs on the surface of the soil particle • Cations (+ve charged ions) bind to soil as it is –ve charded • If potassium binds to the soil it can displace calcium from the soil particle and make it available for uptake by the root

  25. Akar tumbuhan: Route utama bagi acquisition unsur hara • Meristematic zone • Cells divide both in direction of root base to form cells that will become the functional root and in the direction of the root apex to form the root cap • Elongation zone • Cells elongate rapidly, undergo final round of divisions to form the endodermis. Some cells thicken to form casparian strip • Maturation zone • Fully formed root with xylem and phloem – root hairs first appear here

  26. Akar menyerap ion-uin hara di area yang berbeda-beda • Calcium • Apical region • Iron • Apical region (barley) • Or entire root (corn) • Potassium, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate • All locations of root surface • In corn, elongation zone has max K accumulation and nitrate absorption • In corn and rice, root apex absorbs ammonium faster than the elongation zone does • In several species, root hairs are the most active phosphate absorbers

  27. Mengapa ujung akar menjadi lokasi sangat penting untuk penyerapan hara? • Tissues with greatest need for nutrients • Cell elongation requires Potassium, nitrate, and chlorine to increase osmotic pressure within the wall • Ammonium is a good nitrogen source for cell division in meristem • Apex grows into fresh soil and finds fresh supplies of nutrients • Nutrients are carried via bulk flow with water, and water enters near tips • Maintain concentration gradients for mineral nutrient transport and uptake

  28. Penyerapan oleh akar segera menurunkan konsentrasi hara di sekitar akar • Formation of a nutrient depletion zone in the region of the soil near the plant root • Forms when rate of nutrient uptake exceeds rate of replacement in soil by diffusion in the water column • Root associations with Mycorrhizal fungi help the plant overcome this problem

  29. Asosiasi Mycorrhiza • Not unusual • 83% of dicots, 79% of monocots and all gymnosperms • Ectotrophic Mycorrhizal fungi • Form a thick sheath around root. Some mycelium penetrates the cortex cells of the root • Root cortex cells are not penetrated, surrounded by a zone of hyphae called Hartig net • The capacity of the root system to absorb nutrients improved by this association – the fungal hyphae are finer than root hairs and can reach beyond nutrient-depleted zones in the soil near the root

  30. AsosiasiMycorrhiza • Vesicular arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi • Hyphae grow in dense arrangement , both within the root itself and extending out from the root into the soil • After entering root, either by root hair or through epidermishyphae move through regions between cells and penetrate individual cortex cells. • Within cells form oval structures – vesicles – and branched structures – arbuscules (site of nutrient transfer) • P, Cu, & Zn absorption improved by hyphae reaching beyond the nutrient-depleted zones in the soil near the root

  31. Unsurharabergerakdari fungi kesel-selakartumbuhan • Ectotrophic Mycorrhizal • Occurs by simple diffusion from the hyphae in the hartig net to the root cells • Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi • Occurs by simple diffusion from the arbuscules to the root cells • Also, as arbuscules are degenerating as new ones are forming, the nutrients may be released directly into the host cell

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