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Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle

Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle. Jim Miller Dept of Geological Sciences Precambrian Research Center University of Minnesota- Duluth. Earth Materials. Geological Processes. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Melting 2. Compaction & Cementation. MAGMA. Cooling &

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Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle

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  1. Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle Jim Miller Dept of Geological Sciences Precambrian Research Center University of Minnesota- Duluth

  2. Earth Materials Geological Processes SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Melting 2 Compaction & Cementation MAGMA Cooling & Crystallization VOLCANIC ROCKS Tectonic Uplift Erosion, Transportation & Deposition SEDIMENT INTRUSIVE ROCKS Weathering Melting 1 METAMOPHIC ROCKS Subduction Heat & Pressure SOIL Precipitation

  3. Rock Cycle Limestone Quartz + Clay+Lithics Clay+Lithics Qtz Sandstone Basalt Graywacke Shale Rhyolite Quartzite Greenstone Slate Marble Gabbro Granite Amphibolite Schist Gneiss Migmatite Felsic Mafic

  4. Overview of Plate Tectonics Jim Miller

  5. Plate Tectonic Theory The Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is composed of rigid plates that are moving relative to one another.

  6. Physical and Chemical Structure of the Earth Lithospheric Mantle Compositional Components of the Lithosphere Continental Crust– ~62% SiO2, low density rocks , “felsic” Oceanic Crust - ~ 48% SiO2, high density rocks , “mafic” Lithospheric Mantle - ~ 40% SiO2, very high density rocks , “ultramafic” Chemical Layers Physical Layers

  7. Plate Tectonics drives 2 Stages of Crust-making 1. Mantle partially melts to make ocean crust 2. Ocean crust melts to make continental crust

  8. What moves the Plates? Slab Pull - densification of subducted plate pulls the plate into the mantle Mantle Push - Upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle pushes the plates apart Ridge Slide – Thermal upwelling at ridges causes plates to separate by sliding downhill (by gravity) Problem - we are not sure how the mantle is structured.

  9. Types of Plate Boundaries

  10. Divergent Plate Boundaries Mid-ocean Ridges Where Stage 1 Crust is Made

  11. Youthful Oceanic Crust 200 100 0 Ma

  12. Basalt – Rock Type of the Oceanic Crust Remember: Melting the Mantle Makes Mafic Magma!! Always

  13. Continental Rifting The creation of new ocean basins

  14. Continental Rifting and The Break-up of Pangea

  15. Convergent Boundaries Making 2nd Stage Crust Ancient Continental Crust

  16. Convergent Boundaries- Where the Action Is!! Ocean - Ocean Earthquakes Ocean- Continent Volcanoes Continent - Continent

  17. Consequences of Convergence Explosive Volcanism Mt. St. Helens May 18, 1980

  18. Consequences of Convergence Mountain Building and Rock Deformation

  19. Consequences of Convergence - Earthquakes 1326 Aftershocks

  20. OROGENESIS The Culmination of Convergence

  21. Transform Boundaries Connects other Boundaries San Francisco Earthquake April 18, 1906 Mag 7.8

  22. Mantle Plumes (Hotspots) Creation of overthickened oceanic crust

  23. Famous Hotspots Yellowstone Hawaii Iceland

  24. Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle Use Illustrations as Rock Cycle Story Starters

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