Outline breakdown A= 7 B= 5 C = 3

1. Outline breakdown • A= 7 • B= 5 • C = 3

2. Many papers are about specific case studies. • Many outlines contained interesting detail. • Lacked a statement of the question at the outset. • Need to justify why a specific case study is interesting or relevant to a given question.

3. PLEASE, no direct quotes. • At all cost, avoid using the same word twice in a single sentence. Work to employ different words.

4. http://www.livestream.com/globalrevolution

5. Trigger Chapter 3 • Northern and Central Europe, historical records typically do not predate the Roman occupation. • This left little room for the use of texts as inspiration for the study of the past. • In medieval Europe, there was an interest in objects out of time. Excavations for artifacts holy relics, treasure or for the use of building materials. • A belief in a short period since the flood left little time and thus little reason to study change over time.

6. Priests of the Middle Ages attempted to trace the history of royalty back to figures from the bible. • Goths descended from Gog, a grandson of Noah • Brutus, the Trojan prince, was the first kind of Brittan after defeating a race of giants. • Arthur, and before him Brutus, conquered most of the world. • Geoffrey of Monmouth claimed that Stonehenge was constructed by Merlin and the site was linked with legends of Arthur. • In Germany, megalithic graves and tumuli were associated with the Huns. • Texts written to support these claims.

7. Protestant Reformation brought increased secular interest in history. • Reformation begins with Martin Luther’s (1517) publication of The Ninety-Five Theses. • Reformation ends with 1648 Treaty of Westphalia. • Reformation’s spread stimulated by literacy and the translation of the Bible into German. • Protestant Reformation, new secular histories. • Patriotism strong among middle class, linked with decline of feudalism and development of nation states. • Increased interest in history linked with justifying Protestantism as restoring what was lost by Roman Catholicism. • Coincident with reformation was: • Patriotism of growing middle class • Decline of feudalism • Development of Nation State • Antiquaries of the late 1600s placed greater attention on the origin of laws, religious practices and genealogy.

8. William of Worcester (1415-1482) recognized that the past was materially different than the present. Yet, the extent of this realization was probably quite limited. • William began describing and measuring old buildings. Emphasis on “fieldwork” rather than a reliance on texts. • The English reformation saw the widespread destruction of monasteries under Henry VIII (1509-1547). • Some scholars sought to record what was being lost. • John Leland (1503-1552) • contributed to the rescuing of books following the disbanding of monastic libraries • “father of English local history” • recorded place names associated with visible ancient remains. • “Itinerary” an important work on ancient remains. • Introduced the county as a basic unit for studying English history. • In some cases he recognized multiple phases of construction at Roman sites. • Mostly investigated surface remains.

9. Middle class continued to develop and expand under the rule of the Tudors. • For many English nobility, local antiquities served as adequate substitute for Italian and Greek classical art. • English developed their own “topographies”. • Little distinction made between curios of natural or human origin. Common acceptance of thunderstones, elf-bolts, or the thought that pottery grew in the earth. (Steno not for another century). • William Camden (1551-1632) published Britannia (1538) • A survey of England during Roman times. • Following Worchester, studied counties as the basic unit of analysis • Camden followed the example of Italian topographical antiquaries. • Camden recognized Stonehenge and Silbury Hill as pre-Roman. • Primary emphasis on surface remains. • Similar to classical antiquaries, the primary emphasis was to explain ancient monuments through association with people and places mentioned in historical accounts.