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Chapter 4: Ancient India and China

Chapter 4: Ancient India and China. Section 2 – Hinduism. OM Chant. Hindu Om (Aum) represents the Supreme Being, Brahman, and embodies the essence of the entire universe. Section 2 – Hinduism. Main Idea

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Chapter 4: Ancient India and China

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  1. Chapter 4: Ancient India and China Section 2 – Hinduism OM Chant Hindu Om (Aum) represents the Supreme Being, Brahman, and embodies the essence of the entire universe

  2. Section 2 – Hinduism Main Idea The religion of Hinduism developed and evolved over a long time in India, giving rise to a variety of beliefs and practices and to other religions, including Jainism. • Focus • What basic teachings do most Hindus share? • What are the sacred texts and religious practices of Hinduism? • What are the teachings of Jainism?

  3. Hinduism evolved over thousands of years; influenced by many cultures and traditions I. Basic Teachings of Hinduism

  4. Hindus believe in Brahman, an eternal, all-encompassing being A. Brahman The Supreme Cosmic Spirit or Absolute Reality called Brahman is believed to be eternal, genderless, omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, and ultimately indescribable in human language.

  5. Everyone has atman, an aspect of Brahman that shapes personality and cannot be destroyed A. Brahman

  6. Devas - manifestations of Brahman; help maintain order in nature A. Brahman

  7. Three devas have great influence - Brahma, Vishnu, Siva A. Brahman The Trimurti: Supreme Triad consisting of three great gods: Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva. This Triad represents all aspects of the Supreme Being: Creation, Preservation, Destruction

  8. Hindus believe everything is part of a continual pattern of birth, death, and rebirth B. Rebirth and Salvation

  9. After death, atman is released/reborn in a process called reincarnation, or samsara B. Rebirth and Salvation

  10. New life shaped by karma: good karma = better life bad karma = lower station in life B. Rebirth and Salvation

  11. Moksha = escape from cycle of rebirth, the goal of existence; atman reunites with Brahman B. Rebirth and Salvation

  12. Moksha achieved by fulfilling dharma, creating good karma, and breaking free from cycle of rebirth B. Rebirth and Salvation 10 Rules of Dharma in Hinduism Patience Forgiveness Piety Honesty Sanctity Control of one’s senses Reason Knowledge Truthfulness Absence of anger

  13. Hinduism evolved from sacred writings produced over centuries II. Sacred Texts and Practices

  14. Sacred texts sorted into one of three categories: - Vedas, the core of Hinduism - Writings inspired by Vedas - Sacred epics II. Sacred Texts and Practices

  15. Vedas - hymns of praise, earliest sacred texts; revealed to humans by Brahman II. Sacred Texts and Practices The Vedas are the recordings of sages to whom the mantras were revealed. They proclaim the transcendental Truth, which is not changed by time or place.

  16. Upanishads -written explanations of the Vedic religion II. Sacred Texts and Practices

  17. II. Sacred Texts and Practices Ramayana - epic poem of Rama and Sita; became role models for men and women

  18. II. Sacred Texts and Practices The Mahabharata tells of a great battle between sibling clans Lord Krishna holding a chariot wheel as he rushes towards Bhishma in the Battlefield of Kurukshetra. Arjuna is begging him not to break his oath of not wielding arms during the war.

  19. The Bhagavad Gita ("Song of God") is revered as one of the sacred and highly esteemed scriptures of Hinduism. The content of the Gita is the conversation between Krishna and Arjuna taking place on the battlefield before the start of the Kurukshetra war. Responding to Arjuna's confusion and moral dilemma, Krishna explains to Arjuna his duties as a warrior and prince. This has led to the Gita often being described as a concise guide to Hindu philosophy and also as a practical guide to life. II. Sacred Texts and Practices The last 18 chapters make up the Bhagavad Gita, the most famous of Hindu scriptures

  20. Religious practices include worship, meditation, and pilgrimages II. Sacred Texts and Practices Practicing Yoga Pilgrim bathers at the sacred Ganges River

  21. ca. 500 BC - group of Hindus, led by teacher Mahavira, founded Jainism III. Jainism

  22. Thought ritual was unnecessary; could achieve moksha by giving up worldly things, controlling actions, and practicing ahimsa III. Jainism

  23. Jains tell only truth, avoid stealing, and eliminate negative acts which prevent moksha III. Jainism

  24. Ganesha Chaturthi, the great Ganesha festival, is celebrated by Hindus around the world as the birthday of Lord Ganesha.

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