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Building an Integrated Health Team and a Vision of Health Care Reform

National Public Health Week University of Tennessee. Building an Integrated Health Team and a Vision of Health Care Reform. Marguerite Pappaioanou, DVM, MPVM, PhD Executive Director Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges. The Spectrum of Health Care. Prevention Public Health.

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Building an Integrated Health Team and a Vision of Health Care Reform

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  1. National Public Health Week University of Tennessee Building an Integrated Health Team and a Vision of Health Care Reform Marguerite Pappaioanou, DVM, MPVM, PhD Executive Director Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges

  2. The Spectrum of Health Care Prevention Public Health Treatment/Cure Medical Care/ Service Delivery

  3. Health Care Costs - US • Health spending nationally exceeded $2 trillion in 2006, representing 16% of the GDP. • About half of spending growth due to medical price inflation -- the rising cost of providing existing services to patients. A far smaller portion is due to aging. • Nearly one in five out-of-pocket dollars is spent on prescription drugs. CA Health Care Fndn

  4. $3.6 trillion total for FY10

  5. Global Map of Life Expectancy Source: Wikipedia

  6. Health Outcomes • Infant mortality rate for African-Americans is 2.5 times higher than for Whites • Overall mortality is 30% higher for Black Americans compared to white Americans • Life expectancy is 5 years shorter for African-Americans compared to white Americans • African-American women > 2X as likely to die from cervical cancer as white women

  7. Why Health Care Reform? • Access to care varies by • Income • Insurance • Race/ethinicity • Location– urban vs rural • Quality of care varies by race/ethnicity • Costs of health care rising greater than the rate of inflation • Emphasis continues to be on cure rather than prevention

  8. Health Issues for our Nation • Obesity – Nutrition, Physical Exercise • Heart and cardiovascular disease • Diabetes • Cancer • Injuries • Food safety – foodborne outbreaks • Mental health • Occupational safety • Influenza, vaccine preventable diseases • Disabilities • Emerging zoonotic diseases • Antibiotic resistance

  9. HHS in the 21st CenturyThe Nation’s Top Health Challenges • The rising prevalence of costly chronic diseases • Developing prevention and treatment methods for diseases that currently lack them • Persistent poverty (affecting > 37 million Americans,2007) • Global threats to health (including pandemics, emerging infections, bioterrorism, natural disasters, and climate change • Workforce shortages • The crumbling public health infrastructure • Social, environment, and behavioral factors affecting health • Health disparities and the needs of vulnerable populations

  10. PreventionBetter than cure

  11. Public Health “ is what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy.” Institute of Medicine, The Future of Public Health, 1988

  12. Prevention • Individual actions (diet, exercise, vaccinations, smoking cessation, screening, regular checkups, etc.) • Population – based actions to maximize individual actions collectively!

  13. Guide toCommunity Preventive Services • Synthesis of evidence on the effectiveness of population based interventions • Mass media campaigns, laws, fluoride in drinking water, reminder notices for immunizations • Different exposures, outcomes, study designs • Recommendations to state health departments on most effective interventions

  14. Links Between Human and Animal Health and the Environment The Human-Animal Bond

  15. One Health One Medicine Translocation Encroachment Introduction “Spill over” & “Spill back” Human encroachment Ex situ contact Ecological manipulation Human behaviors Wildlife Domestic Animal Human Global travel Urbanization Biomedical manipulation Agricultural Extensive Production Food processing/distribution Technology and Industry After Daszak P. et.al. Science 2000 287:443

  16. Infectious Organisms Pathogenic to Humans and Percent Zoonotic 217 538 307 65 287 1415 132 Source, Taylor LH et al. 2001; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B.Vol. 356:983-989

  17. Links Between Human and Animal Health Emergency Response Emerging Diseases Antibiotic Resistance Foodborne Disease Bio- Agro- Terrorism Improved Human Health & Well Being Disability Environmental Health Mental Health Injuries Occupational Health

  18. Our Food • What people want • Quantity • Quality • Safety • Cost/Affordability • Issues • Globalization • Intensification • Animal welfare • Animal husbandry, food system, feed • Use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance

  19. Human Diseases and Injuries with Serious Health Consequences Acquired fromDogs and Cats • Dog bite injuries • Cat scratch disease • Toxocaral Larva Migrans • Congenital toxoplasmosis

  20. Focus of veterinarian’s attention X X

  21. Veterinarians-- Opportunities for Prevention to Improve Human Health • Food safety • Vaccination programs (Rabies, Avian Influenza) • Screening, counseling • Counseling, health education by veterinarians • Obesity, diabetes, zoonotic diseases, injuries – dog bite injuries, falls • Occupational safety • Keeping companion animals healthy (mental health) • Evacuation

  22. Veterinarian’s on the Front Line Can Prevent This from Happening

  23. Dog Bite Injuries • Estimated 4.7 million bites per year • 800,000 require medical care • 446,000 non-emergency care visits • 321,000 emergency room visits • 13,000 hospitalizations • 20 fatalities • > $250 million per year

  24. 86,000 falls each year associate with pets and pet toys Watch Out! Pet Falls Hurt 86K Per Year Government Advises Better Lighting, Throwing Pet Toys Away “Watch out for Fluffy and Fido! Cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 serious falls each year, according to the first government study of pet-related tumbles.” KHOU.com; Source of data- CDC

  25. One-Health “One Health is the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines – working locally, nationally, and globally – to attain optimal health for people, animals, and our environment.”

  26. Putting One Health Into Action General Academic Settings Outreach, community service, policy Teaching Research • Multidisciplinary practice, programs on the ground • Educating, training students, practitioners of multiple disciplines, policymakers • Developing one health policies • Multi-disciplinary integrated research (e.g., NIH Clinical Translational Research Centers)

  27. Rural Communities • Health care providers scarce to non-existent • People in close contact with livestock, poultry, companion animals • Intersection of environmental, human, animal health

  28. The Integrated Health Team Protecting and Promoting Health • Physicians • Physician assistants • Nurses • Dentists • Optometrists • Veterinarians • Veterinary technicians • Other

  29. Nurses Physicians Veterinarians Dentists PhDs Public health advisors MPHs Sanitary Engineers Industrial Hygienists Environmental Specialists Epidemiologists Laboratory Scientists Social Workers Health Educators Statisticians Information Technology Specialists Entomologists Lawyers Other Public Health Workforce

  30. U.S. Veterinarians in Public Health • Private practitioners • Local/County Health Departments • State Health Departments • Federal Government • DHHS: CDC, FDA, NIH • USDA: APHIS and FSIS • EPA • DoD • Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Medicine, Schools of Public Health • Industry/Drug Companies (Human/Animal) • NGOs

  31. The Veterinary Oath “…. I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through the protection of animal health, the relief of animal suffering, the conservation of livestock resources,the promotion of public healthand the advancement of medical knowledge.”

  32. Federation of Associations of Schools of the Health Professions • Addresses education’s role in organizational matters of health care • Encourages effective collaboration among the health professions in education and practice and • Prepares health professionals for the future

  33. FASHP Organizations • Seek to support efforts that ensure coverage of and access to safe, high-quality, cost-effective preventive services and care for patients • Congress must pay close attention to the professional health care workforce and role of education in providing the workforce • Shortage of qualified health care professionals

  34. FASHP Team-based, patient centered care, principles for health care reform-- • Suggest reforms that will create a health care system that increases access to high-quality, cost-effective, patient centered care that is available to all • A high quality health care system should emphasize wellness and preventive care • Must have a well-educated and trained health professions workforce of all FASHP represented providers • Investment must be made to expand faculty rosters to train health professionals of tomorrow • Composition of the health care workforce should reflect the country’s population

  35. Challenges to Achieving an Integrated Health Team • Different numbers (2-3 M nurses, 800 K physicians, 80 k veterinarians) • Different cultures, vocabulary, missions • Understanding of educational pathways • Respect and appreciation, attitudes • Inequitable pay, benefits • Protocols for communication, mechanisms

  36. Training/Education • Train health professionals together to aid in their understanding of • What each profession brings to the table • How to work together • Household and community needs, dynamics, rural living, culture • Develop and evaluate models (try this out!)

  37. Summary • There is a huge need for US health reform • Prevention must be included in health reform and assigned a high priority • The public will benefit from a one-health approach and a truly integrated health team with a full spectrum of health professionals • Veterinary medicine is an important member of the health team • Workforce shortages in numbers and in geographic location exist for most if not all health professions

  38. A Strong Future for One Health • Changing climates and ecosystems, with increasing vector populations • Encroachment on animal habitat • Changing human lifestyles with animals • Human behaviors • Globalization of the food supply; threat of agro-terrorism • More and faster global travel • Civil unrest/war – displaced people and animals • Microbial adaptation and change (Influenza!) • >80% of bio-threat agents of concern are zoonotic • Growing awareness of value and benefit to One Health by different health professions

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