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Genomics

Genomics. Marco Marra, Ph.D. Director, British Columbia Cancer Agency Genome Sciences Centre. Overview. Rationale and Background Cells and biomolecules Special Challenges for Genomics, Bioinformatics, Proteomics and related technologies. Rationale.

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Genomics

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  1. Genomics Marco Marra, Ph.D. Director, British Columbia Cancer Agency Genome Sciences Centre

  2. Overview Rationale and Background Cells and biomolecules Special Challenges for Genomics, Bioinformatics, Proteomics and related technologies

  3. Rationale There are a staggering number of cells in the human body. Most of these cells contain genetic material; all of the cells contain protein and other chemical entities. The information encoded in the genetic material is somehow “understood” and interpreted by cells. The correct cellular interpretation is essential for normal development and health of the organism. Disease can result due to complex interactions between largely unidentified genes and poorly understood environmental factors.

  4. Rationale Development is complex and requires the (poorly understood) interaction between many genes and gene products (RNA and protein). Development requires that the correct genes must be turned on and off in the correct tissues at the correct time. This is known as “regulation” of gene Expression. Mis-regulation of gene expression can produce disease. To identify the many unknown genes involved in Development and disease, tools capable of “high throughput” and applicable at “large scale” are required. These are the tools of Genomics.

  5. What is genomics? The term "genomics" was coined by mouse geneticist Tom Roderick to describe an approach to the study of DNA at the level of chromosomes, entire genomes, or large clusters of genes. The purpose of the term was to distinguish it from more traditional genetic approaches that focused on one gene or a family of functionally or structurally related genes or sequences. In addition to this scientific concept, genomics alsoimplied large scale and a "whiz-bang" high tech approachto studying DNA structure. Implicitly, genomics implied creating and using large databases, extensive use of laboratory automation, and generally a more "capital intensive biology," than was the norm in the mid-1980s.

  6. Genome BC sponsored technologies • Bioinformatics (S. Jones, BCCA GSC) • DNA sequencing (M. Marra, BCCA GSC; B. Koop, U.Victoria) • BAC fingerprint mapping (J. Schein, BCCA GSC) • Model organism genetics (D. Moerman, UBC) • Genotyping (A. Brooks-Wilson & M. Marra, BCCA GSC) • cDNA Microarrays (C. Nelson, JBRC & VGH) • Proteomics (R. Olafson, U.Victoria) • Technology development (A. Marziali, UBC)

  7. Life begins with the fusion of two cells

  8. What is “the Genome?”

  9. DNA Humans are made up of ~100 trillion cells. Each cell contains ~2 meters of DNA. Each human contains 200 trillion meters of DNA. This equals 200 billion kilometers of DNA. The distance from Earth to Sun is 150 million kilometers. The amount of DNA in every one of us is sufficient to stretch between the Earth and the Sun ~1,300 times.

  10. Glycolysis

  11. Metabolism

  12. The Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics DNA RNA Protein

  13. Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 1 Protein 2 The Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics RNA DNA (a gene) RNA RNA RNA RNA

  14. Cell, nucleus, chromosome and DNA

  15. Gene Structure

  16. mRNA - The intermediate between DNA and protein

  17. Proteins, theengines of the cell, have complicated 3-D structures

  18. GGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAATCTCAGCCTCGCCCACTGGCGCTGGACTTGGTACACAGGGTGGGGCAAAGTGGGTACTGGATCCTGATCATCCCTATCCCTGGGGTGTGGCTTCTTGCTGCACAGTCAGCTTCTAGTTCTGTAGCCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCGGTGGAGGGAGCTACACATCAGGCTCTGACCCCCTCCAGGTGGGGCCTTCGCGTGAGGGGAGTCAGCACGCATCAGCAGCTGGGCCCAGGGAGTTGCCCCACTGAGCACTGCGGGCTGACCTGCTCCCAACCAGGGAGATGGAGCTTCCCCCTTGAGTCGGGCTGCTGAAGGGGGGTAGGGGATGGAAACAGTGCGTTTGCAGGAGTAAGGGTGCAGTTGGGTCCCTGCGAGAAAATGTCTCAGTTGTGGCAACTGATTGGTGACCTGGGGGGCGTTTCTGAGCCCACAGTGCTGGCATCAGGACTCAGGTGTGAGGTGCCCCAGACCCTCCCCTTGCCAGTAATTAGCTGATGGCTCGGTGATGCCCAGGGTGAAGGAAGACTTGATTTTGGGAGGGGAGTTCTCTCGTAATGACACTGAGGATGCCTTCAAGTTGGGCTTCTGGCATGTTCTGCCCTCGCTCCCCTTCTGTAGTCACCTTGGCCCTCGTGTTGCTGAGCTGTGTGTGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGTATTTGAGAACATTTCACAAGCCGCTGTTGAGGTTCAGAATCAACCAGCAGATACAGAAACATATTTCGGAGCGTGGGGACCCTTGGGTGAGCTGCCACATGAAGCAGCCCCAGGACCTCCCTGGCTCAAGGAGTGACAGCGAGTTTGTCTGAGGTGAGGGCACAGGCCTGGCGAAGCCTCGTGTGTGGGTGAGACCTGCCCGACCCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAATCTCAGCCTCGCCCACTGGCGCTGGACTTGGTACACAGGGTGGGGCAAAGTGGGTACTGGATCCTGATCATCCCTATCCCTGGGGTGTGGCTTCTTGCTGCACAGTCAGCTTCTAGTTCTGTAGCCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCGGTGGAGGGAGCTACACATCAGGCTCTGACCCCCTCCAGGTGGGGCCTTCGCGTGAGGGGAGTCAGCACGCATCAGCAGCTGGGCCCAGGGAGTTGCCCCACTGAGCACTGCGGGCTGACCTGCTCCCAACCAGGGAGATGGAGCTTCCCCCTTGAGTCGGGCTGCTGAAGGGGGGTAGGGGATGGAAACAGTGCGTTTGCAGGAGTAAGGGTGCAGTTGGGTCCCTGCGAGAAAATGTCTCAGTTGTGGCAACTGATTGGTGACCTGGGGGGCGTTTCTGAGCCCACAGTGCTGGCATCAGGACTCAGGTGTGAGGTGCCCCAGACCCTCCCCTTGCCAGTAATTAGCTGATGGCTCGGTGATGCCCAGGGTGAAGGAAGACTTGATTTTGGGAGGGGAGTTCTCTCGTAATGACACTGAGGATGCCTTCAAGTTGGGCTTCTGGCATGTTCTGCCCTCGCTCCCCTTCTGTAGTCACCTTGGCCCTCGTGTTGCTGAGCTGTGTGTGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGTATTTGAGAACATTTCACAAGCCGCTGTTGAGGTTCAGAATCAACCAGCAGATACAGAAACATATTTCGGAGCGTGGGGACCCTTGGGTGAGCTGCCACATGAAGCAGCCCCAGGACCTCCCTGGCTCAAGGAGTGACAGCGAGTTTGTCTGAGGTGAGGGCACAGGCCTGGCGAAGCCTCGTGTGTGGGTGAGACCTGCCCGACCCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAAGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAATCTCAGCCTCGCCCACTGGCGCTGGACTTGGTACACAGGGTGGGGCAAAGTGGGTACTGGATCCTGATCATCCCTATCCCTGGGGTGTGGCTTCTTGCTGCACAGTCAGCTTCTAGTTCTGTAGCCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCGGTGGAGGGAGCTACACATCAGGCTCTGACCCCCTCCAGGTGGGGCCTTCGCGTGAGGGGAGTCAGCACGCATCAGCAGCTGGGCCCAGGGAGTTGCCCCACTGAGCACTGCGGGCTGACCTGCTCCCAACCAGGGAGATGGAGCTTCCCCCTTGAGTCGGGCTGCTGAAGGGGGGTAGGGGATGGAAACAGTGCGTTTGCAGGAGTAAGGGTGCAGTTGGGTCCCTGCGAGAAAATGTCTCAGTTGTGGCAACTGATTGGTGACCTGGGGGGCGTTTCTGAGCCCACAGTGCTGGCATCAGGACTCAGGTGTGAGGTGCCCCAGACCCTCCCCTTGCCAGTAATTAGCTGATGGCTCGGTGATGCCCAGGGTGAAGGAAGACTTGATTTTGGGAGGGGAGTTCTCTCGTAATGACACTGAGGATGCCTTCAAGTTGGGCTTCTGGCATGTTCTGCCCTCGCTCCCCTTCTGTAGTCACCTTGGCCCTCGTGTTGCTGAGCTGTGTGTGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGTATTTGAGAACATTTCACAAGCCGCTGTTGAGGTTCAGAATCAACCAGCAGATACAGAAACATATTTCGGAGCGTGGGGACCCTTGGGTGAGCTGCCACATGAAGCAGCCCCAGGACCTCCCTGGCTCAAGGAGTGACAGCGAGTTTGTCTGAGGTGAGGGCACAGGCCTGGCGAAGCCTCGTGTGTGGGTGAGACCTGCCCGACCCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAATCTCAGCCTCGCCCACTGGCGCTGGACTTGGTACACAGGGTGGGGCAAAGTGGGTACTGGATCCTGATCATCCCTATCCCTGGGGTGTGGCTTCTTGCTGCACAGTCAGCTTCTAGTTCTGTAGCCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCGGTGGAGGGAGCTACACATCAGGCTCTGACCCCCTCCAGGTGGGGCCTTCGCGTGAGGGGAGTCAGCACGCATCAGCAGCTGGGCCCAGGGAGTTGCCCCACTGAGCACTGCGGGCTGACCTGCTCCCAACCAGGGAGATGGAGCTTCCCCCTTGAGTCGGGCTGCTGAAGGGGGGTAGGGGATGGAAACAGTGCGTTTGCAGGAGTAAGGGTGCAGTTGGGTCCCTGCGAGAAAATGTCTCAGTTGTGGCAACTGATTGGTGACCTGGGGGGCGTTTCTGAGCCCACAGTGCTGGCATCAGGACTCAGGTGTGAGGTGCCCCAGACCCTCCCCTTGCCAGTAATTAGCTGATGGCTCGGTGATGCCCAGGGTGAAGGAAGACTTGATTTTGGGAGGGGAGTTCTCTCGTAATGACACTGAGGATGCCTTCAAGTTGGGCTTCTGGCATGTTCTGCCCTCGCTCCCCTTCTGTAGTCACCTTGGCCCTCGTGTTGCTGAGCTGTGTGTGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGTATTTGAGAACATTTCACAAGCCGCTGTTGAGGTTCAGAATCAACCAGCAGATACAGAAACATATTTCGGAGCGTGGGGACCCTTGGGTGAGCTGCCACATGAAGCAGCCCCAGGACCTCCCTGGCTCAAGGAGTGACAGCGAGTTTGTCTGAGGTGAGGGCACAGGCCTGGCGAAGCCTCGTGTGTGGGTGAGACCTGCCCGACCCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAA GTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAG DNA Sequence

  19. GGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAATCTCAGCCTCGCCCACTGGCGCTGGACTTGGTACACAGGGTGGGGCAAAGTGGGTACTGGATCCTGATCATCCCTATCCCTGGGGTGTGGCTTCTTGCTGCACAGTCAGCTTCTAGTTCTGTAGCCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCGGTGGAGGGAGCTACACATCAGGCTCTGACCCCCTCCAGGTGGGGCCTTCGCGTGAGGGGAGTCAGCACGCATCAGCAGCTGGGCCCAGGGAGTTGCCCCACTGAGCACTGCGGGCTGACCTGCTCCCAACCAGGGAGATGGAGCTTCCCCCTTGAGTCGGGCTGCTGAAGGGGGGTAGGGGATGGAAACAGTGCGTTTGCAGGAGTAAGGGTGCAGTTGGGTCCCTGCGAGAAAATGTCTCAGTTGTGGCAACTGATTGGTGACCTGGGGGGCGTTTCTGAGCCCACAGTGCTGGCATCAGGACTCAGGTGTGAGGTGCCCCAGACCCTCCCCTTGCCAGTAATTAGCTGATGGCTCGGTGATGCCCAGGGTGAAGGAAGACTTGATTTTGGGAGGGGAGTTCTCTCGTAATGACACTGAGGATGCCTTCAAGTTGGGCTTCTGGCATGTTCTGCCCTCGCTCCCCTTCTGTAGTCACCTTGGCCCTCGTGTTGCTGAGCTGTGTGTGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGTATTTGAGAACATTTCACAAGCCGCTGTTGAGGTTCAGAATCAACCAGCAGATACAGAAACATATTTCGGAGCGTGGGGACCCTTGGGTGAGCTGCCACATGAAGCAGCCCCAGGACCTCCCTGGCTCAAGGAGTGACAGCGAGTTTGTCTGAGGTGAGGGCACAGGCCTGGCGAAGCCTCGTGTGTGGGTGAGACCTGCCCGACCCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAATCTCAGCCTCGCCCACTGGCGCTGGACTTGGTACACAGGGTGGGGCAAAGTGGGTACTGGATCCTGATCATCCCTATCCCTGGGGTGTGGCTTCTTGCTGCACAGTCAGCTTCTAGTTCTGTAGCCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCGGTGGAGGGAGCTACACATCAGGCTCTGACCCCCTCCAGGTGGGGCCTTCGCGTGAGGGGAGTCAGCACGCATCAGCAGCTGGGCCCAGGGAGTTGCCCCACTGAGCACTGCGGGCTGACCTGCTCCCAACCAGGGAGATGGAGCTTCCCCCTTGAGTCGGGCTGCTGAAGGGGGGTAGGGGATGGAAACAGTGCGTTTGCAGGAGTAAGGGTGCAGTTGGGTCCCTGCGAGAAAATGTCTCAGTTGTGGCAACTGATTGGTGACCTGGGGGGCGTTTCTGAGCCCACAGTGCTGGCATCAGGACTCAGGTGTGAGGTGCCCCAGACCCTCCCCTTGCCAGTAATTAGCTGATGGCTCGGTGATGCCCAGGGTGAAGGAAGACTTGATTTTGGGAGGGGAGTTCTCTCGTAATGACACTGAGGATGCCTTCAAGTTGGGCTTCTGGCATGTTCTGCCCTCGCTCCCCTTCTGTAGTCACCTTGGCCCTCGTGTTGCTGAGCTGTGTGTGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGTATTTGAGAACATTTCACAAGCCGCTGTTGAGGTTCAGAATCAACCAGCAGATACAGAAACATATTTCGGAGCGTGGGGACCCTTGGGTGAGCTGCCACATGAAGCAGCCCCAGGACCTCCCTGGCTCAAGGAGTGACAGCGAGTTTGTCTGAGGTGAGGGCACAGGCCTGGCGAAGCCTCGTGTGTGGGTGAGACCTGCCCGACCCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAAGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAATCTCAGCCTCGCCCACTGGCGCTGGACTTGGTACACAGGGTGGGGCAAAGTGGGTACTGGATCCTGATCATCCCTATCCCTGGGGTGTGGCTTCTTGCTGCACAGTCAGCTTCTAGTTCTGTAGCCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCGGTGGAGGGAGCTACACATCAGGCTCTGACCCCCTCCAGGTGGGGCCTTCGCGTGAGGGGAGTCAGCACGCATCAGCAGCTGGGCCCAGGGAGTTGCCCCACTGAGCACTGCGGGCTGACCTGCTCCCAACCAGGGAGATGGAGCTTCCCCCTTGAGTCGGGCTGCTGAAGGGGGGTAGGGGATGGAAACAGTGCGTTTGCAGGAGTAAGGGTGCAGTTGGGTCCCTGCGAGAAAATGTCTCAGTTGTGGCAACTGATTGGTGACCTGGGGGGCGTTTCTGAGCCCACAGTGCTGGCATCAGGACTCAGGTGTGAGGTGCCCCAGACCCTCCCCTTGCCAGTAATTAGCTGATGGCTCGGTGATGCCCAGGGTGAAGGAAGACTTGATTTTGGGAGGGGAGTTCTCTCGTAATGACACTGAGGATGCCTTCAAGTTGGGCTTCTGGCATGTTCTGCCCTCGCTCCCCTTCTGTAGTCACCTTGGCCCTCGTGTTGCTGAGCTGTGTGTGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGTATTTGAGAACATTTCACAAGCCGCTGTTGAGGTTCAGAATCAACCAGCAGATACAGAAACATATTTCGGAGCGTGGGGACCCTTGGGTGAGCTGCCACATGAAGCAGCCCCAGGACCTCCCTGGCTCAAGGAGTGACAGCGAGTTTGTCTGAGGTGAGGGCACAGGCCTGGCGAAGCCTCGTGTGTGGGTGAGACCTGCCCGACCCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAATCTCAGCCTCGCCCACTGGCGCTGGACTTGGTACACAGGGTGGGGCAAAGTGGGTACTGGATCCTGATCATCCCTATCCCTGGGGTGTGGCTTCTTGCTGCACAGTCAGCTTCTAGTTCTGTAGCCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCGGTGGAGGGAGCTACACATCAGGCTCTGACCCCCTCCAGGTGGGGCCTTCGCGTGAGGGGAGTCAGCACGCATCAGCAGCTGGGCCCAGGGAGTTGCCCCACTGAGCACTGCGGGCTGACCTGCTCCCAACCAGGGAGATGGAGCTTCCCCCTTGAGTCGGGCTGCTGAAGGGGGGTAGGGGATGGAAACAGTGCGTTTGCAGGAGTAAGGGTGCAGTTGGGTCCCTGCGAGAAAATGTCTCAGTTGTGGCAACTGATTGGTGACCTGGGGGGCGTTTCTGAGCCCACAGTGCTGGCATCAGGACTCAGGTGTGAGGTGCCCCAGACCCTCCCCTTGCCAGTAATTAGCTGATGGCTCGGTGATGCCCAGGGTGAAGGAAGACTTGATTTTGGGAGGGGAGTTCTCTCGTAATGACACTGAGGATGCCTTCAAGTTGGGCTTCTGGCATGTTCTGCCCTCGCTCCCCTTCTGTAGTCACCTTGGCCCTCGTGTTGCTGAGCTGTGTGTGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGGGAGCGGGAAGCGCGTCAGTGGGCGGAGTATTTGAGAACATTTCACAAGCCGCTGTTGAGGTTCAGAATCAACCAGCAGATACAGAAACATATTTCGGAGCGTGGGGACCCTTGGGTGAGCTGCCACATGAAGCAGCCCCAGGACCTCCCTGGCTCAAGGAGTGACAGCGAGTTTGTCTGAGGTGAGGGCACAGGCCTGGCGAAGCCTCGTGTGTGGGTGAGACCTGCCCGACCCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGCCAGTGCCTTACCCGAGGAGCTACTGGCCCAGTGGGGGAGGCATTCAGGTGGGCAGAGTCAGGGAGACTCATGAGGCCGTTGAGGCCAGGGGCATAGAGCTGGCCAAGGAGCCATGGCTCACTAACGTGTTGTATGGGGCTCCTTCCCTTCAGGTCCAGGCTCCTGCGTGAAGTGATGCTCCTCTTTGCCTTACTCCTAGCCATGGAGCTCCCATTGGTGGCAGCCAGTGCCACCATCGCGCTCAGTGTAAGTATCATTCCCTCTCACTGTCCTGGAGAGGACGAGAATTCCACCTGGAGATTCTGGGCCACTTTGGTTCCCCATGAGCCAAGACGGCACTTCTAATTTGCATTCCCTACCGGAGTCCCTGTCTGTAGCCAGCCTGGCTTTCAGCTGGTGCCCAAAGTGACAAATGTATCTGCAATGACAAAGGTACCCTGGAAGGGCTCGCCCTCTGCGGAATTTCAGTTCATGCAGGCCTTGGTGCTTCCACATCTGTCCAAGGGCCTTTCAAATGTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAGTAGAAGGGTGTTCAGAATGTCTGCTGTGCCCTCATGGAGGAAGAGNGCTCAGTGTACATGCTCTGGGTCAGTAGGTGCCCTTGAGCCCAGCTTTGGGAGCAATGTTGGATGAGTGAAGGAGGGATCCAGGGCAAAGCAGGCACGACAGAGTGGAGACGGCGCTGCTGGCTCTCAGGGGAATGGGCATGGAGTGGGTAGGAGATCCACCTAAGGAGGCTGGCTGGCTGGACGAGTCAGGAGCCCCTTCCAAGGGTGGACACTGACAGGCCCCCAGTCTTGGTCTCCTGCATGCCAGAGGTACCAGCCCATCTTTTTTCCTAAACTTGATGACCTAGGGCTAGGGGCATGTTGAA GTGACTTTTAACTCTGTGGATTGATTTGCCCGGTTGTCACATTCTGAGCAGCCACAACCTACTGCATCCCATGTAGAAGTGGAAGTGACCTGATTTTTTCCTGCTTTTCAAGGCTGTATGTTTACATTTGCCTCCAATCATTCCTATGGGAATTCCTTGGGAGTCTAACTTGGAGATTTTGTTTCTTCTGCCTTTGCTCCTGGGGGCTTAATCACTTCTGTGCCTCTGGTTATCTGTGGCACATTTGTATTTGTCATTAGTCAACCGGAGACTCGGGGTCTGAGTGGAGGGTATGTCCCCCTCCAGTGATGGTTTCTGTTGGCTTCCCAGGGTGAGGATGACTCATGACCACTTGCAAGTGGTTTTTGTGTCTGGGGTTTATGATCACACAGTCATACACGTTCTAACTCCAGACTGACTGTTGAGAAAGCCTCTGGGTAAGGGAATTCCTGGGAAACACACTGTTTTCATGCATCCTCTGGAAGATGAGGCCTGAAGTTACCAGGGTCTCTGTTTGCTGATGCTGATGATCCACATTTTCTAGCCCACTCTGCTTCTCTGACACCTTTAGTCTTGAGGATCCATGNTCTGTGAAGGAATCCAAGCTCTCATTTCGCACTCACCTTGGCCCTGGCTCTGTCTCCAGGACCTCTTCTACTACAAAATCCTAAAGCTCTGGGAGCTGGGTGTCAACCTGTGCCCGAGGAAATCATACAGTTACTGTGGACTTTCCAGTTTGCTGTCTTCTAGTATTCCATTGTAGCTCTTGGGTATTTTCCCATCCACCCCAAGATCCAGCTGGAAATCAGTGAACACACTTGATGGGAGTTTTCCTGCATGTGCTCTGGGCATTGACAG Exons and introns

  20. The genetic code* UUC = Cys UAA = STOP * From Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd edition

  21. Proteins Bovine insulin

  22. Proteins Proteins can be modified in many ways.

  23. The consequences of variation in the genome (phenotypic variation)

  24. The consequences of variation in the genome (disease)

  25. Applications • Health • Provision of: • Diagnostic markers • Prognostic indicators • “Custom” therapies • Avoidance of ADRs • New therapeutics • etc • Agriculture • Characterization of: • Pest resistant crops • Drought resistant crops • Disease resistant herds • etc

  26. Genome B.C. Research Portfolio* Aquaculture Genomics Research on Salmon (SFU & UVic) Environment Microbial Envirogenomics (UBC) Ethics (Ethical, Environmental, Economic, Legal and Societal) Democracy, Ethics and Genomics (UBC) Forestry Forestry Genomics (UBC) Health Studies of Early Stage Cancer (B.C. Cancer Agency) Bioinformatics of Mammalian Gene Expression (B.C. Cancer Agency) Atlas of Gene Expression in Mouse Development (B.C. Cancer Agency) The Nematode as a Model Organism (SFU & UBC) Genomics of the Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans (UBC) Expression Profiles ofCells & Tissues C. elegans (SFU) *Courtesy B. Schmidt, Genome BC

  27. DNA Sequencing Movie

  28. Government and non-profit funding

  29. Genome Canada* • Genome Canada is a not-for-profit corporation dedicated to developing and implementing a national strategy in genomics research for the benefit of all Canadians. Genome Canada has received $375 million to date from the federal government to fund five research centres across the country. • Genome Canada and these 5 Genome Centres (Atlantic, Québec, Ontario, Prairies and BC) work closely with other partners such as provincial governments, the private sector and national and international foundations to ensure that Canada becomes a world leader in genomics research in key selected areas such as Agriculture, Environment, Fisheries, Forestry and Health. *Courtesy B. Schmidt, Genome BC

  30. Special Challenges Development of new technologies continues apace, with the aim of increasing throughputs, decreasing operating costs and more sophisticated approaches and tools. State of the art robotics and computers have a life span of ~2 years. A minimum requirement for maintenance of a nationally and internationally competitive research community requires an ongoing commitment to access and operate state of the art technologies. Effective training of young genome researchers relies on the existence of established genomics research programs and platforms. Retention of established researchers relies on their ability to conduct internationally competitive research.

  31. British Columbia Genomics Community*(Representative) * Courtesy B. Schmidt, Genome BC

  32. BC Cancer Agency

  33. Thank you for your support of the BC Cancer Agency and Genome British Columbia!

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