Notes on Using These Presentation Visuals 1) These visuals use the following typefaces: Arial for the visuals, and Times

1. Proposal 9950156 Alley, Crowley, and Robertshaw Notes on Using These Presentation Visuals 1) These visuals use the following typefaces: Arial for the visuals, and Times New Roman for the notes pages. 2) A notes page accompanies each visual—to view, simply click on “Notes Page” under View. 3) These visuals have been simplified so that they transfer more accurately. However, be aware that tabs, indents, and graphics still may not transfer properly. 4) If you are projecting these visuals with a computer, consider making “before” and “after” slides for those visuals that show revisions of pieces of writing. In that way, you can make the lecture interactive by having the students analyze each “before” piece of writing. This file contains just a sample of the visuals for the proposed project; in the project, we will develop more than 150 such visuals.

2. Document To begin a scientific document, you should first analyze your constraints Politics Audience What do they know? Why are they reading? How will they read? Format Layout? Typography? Formality Grammar? Punctuation? Usage? Process Deadline? Collaboration? Ethics

3. A strong title orients readers to the area of work Effects of Humidity on the Growth of Electron Avalanches in Electrical Gas Discharges Effects of Humidity on the Growth of Avalanches

4. Non-Parallel Non-Descriptive Parallel Descriptive Introduction Background Marx Generators Line Pulse Beam Generation Transporting Beam Pellets Results Conclusions Introduction Past Designs for Particle Beam Fusion New Design for Particle Beam Fusion Charging Marx Generators Forming Line Pulse Generating Particle Beam Transporting Particle Beam Irradiating Deuterium-Tritium Pellets Results of New Design Conclusions and Recommendations Section headings should be descriptive and parallel

5. Generalities that are not anchored with specifics are soon forgotten After recognizing some problems with the solar mirrors, we took subsequent corrective measures. After finding that high winds (and not hail) had cracked the ten solar mirrors, we began stowing all mirrors in a horizontal position during thunderstorms. Trash

6. Complex sentences misdirect readers The goal of the work was to confirm the nature of electrical breakdown of nitrogen in uniform fields at high pressures and electrode gaps which approach those obtained in engineering practice, prior to the deter-mination of the processes which set the criterion for breakdown in the above-mentioned gas in uniform and non-uniform fields of engineering significance. At high pressures (700 torr) and typical electrode gap distances (1 mm), the electrical breakdown of nitrogen was studied in uniform fields.

7. Ambiguities occur for many reasons The proposed schedule is discussed below for the next four years. ????????? As light hydrocarbons evaporate the oil vapor pressure falls. ??????? Although engineers realized the design flaws in the Titanic soon after its sinking in 1912, the reasons for the severe damage inflicted by the iceberg remained a mystery until its discovery in 1985. ????

8. Writing Proposals An important scientific innovation rarely makes its way by winning over and converting its opponents—it rarely happens that Saul becomes Paul. Max Planck

9. A proposal presents a statement of the problem New methods are needed to detect plastic explosives in airline baggage Plastic explosives pose a serious threat to air travel Conventional methods cannot effectively detect plastic explosives • Statistics on the aircraft downed by plastic explosives • Specific example of aircraft downed by plastic explosives (Pan Am Flight 103) • Problems that conventional x-rays have detecting plastic explosives • Problems that dogs have detecting plastic explosives Evidence that conventional methods failed in detecting plastic explosives

10. The proposed plan defines the scopeand limitations of the work Methods not considered: conventional x-rays hand searches dogs Size of specific airport not considered Evaluation of Methods to Detect Plastic Explosives in Airline Baggage Criteria for evaluation: accuracy of detection false alarm rate cost (initial, maintenance) speed ease of use Three methods: x-ray backscatter system nitrogen sniffer system thermal neutron activation system Effectiveness at detecting conventional explosives not considered Risk of terrorism to specific airport not considered