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Introduction to Relations. Relational Model : Topic #1. Why Study the Relational Model?. Data Model : Math abstraction + operations Most widely used data model. IBM, Informix, Microsoft, Oracle, Sybase, And it’s really simple, yet powerful. Relational Database: Definitions.
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Introduction to Relations Relational Model : Topic #1
Why Study the Relational Model? • Data Model : Math abstraction + operations • Most widely used data model. • IBM, Informix, Microsoft, Oracle, Sybase, • And it’s really simple, yet powerful
Relational Database: Definitions • Relational database:a set of relations. • Relation: made up of 2 parts: • Schema :specifiesname of relation, plus name and type of each column. (meta-information) • E.g. Students(sid: string, name: string, login: string, age: integer, gpa: real) • Instance : a table, with rows and columns. #rows = cardinality, #fields = degree / arity • A relation instance is a setof rows or tuples. (i.e., all rows are distinct)
Example Instance of Students Relation • Cardinality = 3, degree = 5 , all rows distinct • Do all column values in a relation instance have to • be distinct?
Integrity Constraints (ICs) • IC: condition that must be true for any instance of the database. • ICs are specified when schema is defined (by whom?) • ICs are checked when relations are modified • A legalinstance of a database is one that satisfies all ICs. • DBMS should not allow illegal instances. • If the DBMS checks ICs, stored data is more faithful to real-world meaning. • avoids data entry errors, too!
Primary Key for a Relation • A set of fields is a keyif : 1. no two tuples can have same values in all key fields, and 2. this is not true for any subset of the key • Part 2 false? A superkey. • If there’s >1 key for a relation, one of the keys is chosen (by DBA) to be the primary key. • E.g., sid is a key for Students. (What about name?) The set {sid, gpa} is a superkey.
Foreign Keys, Referential Integrity • Foreign key : set of fields in one relation that is used to `refer’ to a tuple in another relation. (Must correspond to primary key of the second relation.) • E.g. sid is a foreign key referring to Students: • Enrolled(sid: string, cid: string, grade: string) • All foreign key constraints are enforced? referential integrity, i.e., no dangling references. • Name a data model w/o referential integrity!
Where do ICs Come From? • Based on semantics of the real-world enterprise • Can check a database instance to see if an IC is violated, but can NEVER infer an IC by looking at an instance: • IC is a statement about all possible instances! • From example: name is not a key, but DBA says that sid is a key. • Key and foreign key ICs are the most common; more general ICs supported too.
Formal Relational Query Languages Two mathematical Query Languages form the basis for “real” languages (e.g. SQL), and for implementation: • Relational Algebra: More operational, very useful for representing execution plans. • Relational Calculus: Lets users describe what they want, rather than how to compute it. (Non-operational, declarative.) Understanding Algebra & Calculus is key to understanding SQL, query processing!
Relational Query Languages • Query languages: allow manipulation and retrieval of data from a database. • Relational model supports simple, powerful query languages • strong formal foundation based on logic • allows for much optimization • Query Languages != programming languages! • query languages not “Turing complete” • QL’s not intended to be used for complex calculations • QL’s convenient for accessing large data sets (unlike PL’s!)
