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Functional Groups – Page 3

Functional Groups – Page 3. Functional group - a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound, that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions . Most organic chemistry involves substituents often contain O, N, S, or P. Same Functional Group.

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Functional Groups – Page 3

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  1. Functional Groups – Page 3 • Functional group - a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound, that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. • Most organic chemistry involves substituents • often contain O, N, S, or P

  2. Same Functional Group • Will have the same non-hydrocarbon group • Will have similar chemical properties

  3. Alcohols – Page 3 • Alcohols - Organic compounds with an -OH group • The -OH functional group in alcohols is called a “hydroxyl” group; thus R-OH is the formula • How is this different from the hydroxide ion? (covalent bonding with the carbon- not ionic with a metal like bases)

  4. Alcohols • For IUPAC: • Drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name; • add ending of -ol, • number the position of -OH

  5. Alcohol Example

  6. Alcohols • The hydroxyl is given the lowest position number • Alcohols containing 2, 3, and 4 of the -OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols respectively

  7. Alcohol Examples

  8. Classification of Alcohols – Page 4

  9. Ethers – Page 5 • Organic compounds in which oxygen is bonded to 2 carbon groups: R-O-R is formula • R and R’ could be two different alkyl chains.

  10. Naming Ethers • Name the two alkyl chains on each side of the Oxygen. • Add –yl ending. • Name the longest chain first and shorter chain second. • Combine the two names and add ether.

  11. Naming Ethers

  12. Aldehydes (p. 9) • Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to the beginning (1st Carbon) or end (last Carbon) of a parent carbon chain. • General form: O O R-C-H H-C-R • Naming: • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “al”

  13. Example O C-C-H Ethane ( - e ) add al Ethanal

  14. Name: O C O C-C-C-C 2-methyl-1,4-butanedial (you are supposed to keep the “e”)

  15. Ketones (p. 10) • Organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbons within the parent carbon chain (not at the beginning or end). • General form: O R-C-R’ • Naming: • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “one”. • “one” is pronouced “own” • Give the position # for the carbonyl.

  16. Example: O C-C-C 2-propanone

  17. Example: CO O C-C-C-C-C-C 5-methyl-2,3-hexanedione

  18. Carboxylic Acids (p. 11) • Carboxyl group: O or O -C-OH HO-C- • Organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group. • Can only be on the ends.

  19. Carboxylic Acids (p. 11) O • General formula: R-C-OH • Naming: • If one carboxyl group • Drop the “e” from the alkane name and add “-oic acid”. (No number needed for the carboxyl group)

  20. Example: O C-C-C-C-C-C-OH hexanoic acid

  21. Example: CO C-C-C-C-C-C-OH 5-methyl hexanoic acid

  22. If more that one carboxyl group. • One on each end of the parent chain. • -dioic acid.

  23. Example: OO HO-C-C-C-C-OH 1,4-butanedioic acid

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