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High Gain Antenna: Parameters, Design, and Future Enhancements for Deep Space Communication

This document outlines essential parameters for high gain antennas used in deep space communications, focusing on beamwidth, antenna gain, and signal strength with the Deep Space Network (DSN). It covers capacity in terms of channels and frequencies, detailing the bandwidths utilized by the Space Shuttle and Surveyor missions, as well as the operational characteristics of the antennas. The paper also presents future enhancements, including cost analysis and signal-to-noise ratios, alongside relevant software skills for current satellite systems.

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High Gain Antenna: Parameters, Design, and Future Enhancements for Deep Space Communication

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  1. AAE 450 – Senior Design J. Darcey Kuhn ERV Team – Communications January 23, 2001

  2. Parameters • High Gain Antenna Sizes – Beamwidth and antenna gain • Capacity (i.e. number of channels of each type) – or bandwidths and frequencies • Uplink & Downlink signal strength and quality to Deep Space Network (DSN) – support communications, science data, voice, video, engineering telemetry, and navigation http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/

  3. High Gain Antenna • Beamwidth: from an antenna pattern, the angle between the half-power (3 dB) points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak effective radiated power of the main lobe http://132.163.64.205/fs-1037/dir-004/_0572.htm

  4. High Gain Antenna A useful rule of thumb for calculating beamwidth is 3 dB beamwidth = 70λ / D (degrees) where λ is wavelength and D the antenna diameter • Surveyor: 0.56 deg • Space Shuttle Uplinking: 0.56 deg Downlinking: 0.51 deg

  5. High Gain Antenna • Antenna Gain (Isotropic) – for a uniformly illuminated antenna with physical area A, the directive gain at the center of the main beam is given by: http://web.bham.ac.uk/eee1roj8/wbe/wbe031.htm

  6. High Gain Antenna G = 4**A/λ2 A= d2/4 • Gain is normally expressed in dBs by taking 10*log(G) • Surveyor: 42.41 dB • Space Shuttle: Uplinking: 42.39 dB Downlinking: 43.14 dB

  7. Bandwidths & Frequencies • Bandwidth: Amount of data that can be transferred in a fixed amount of time • Space Shuttle uses S-band (1,700 to 2,300 MHz) & Ku-band (15,250 to 17,250 MHz) to transfer information • Ku-band located in the payload bay • Ku-band (12-18 GHz / λ = 2.5 to 1.67 cm) can handle higher quantities of data than the S-band systems (3 channels of data) • All transmissions broadcasted by Surveyor utilized X-band radio signals near 8.4 GHz

  8. Deep Space Network • DSN is an international network of antennas that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions • Currently consists of three deep-space communications facilities placed approximately 120 degrees apart around the world – CA, Spain, and Australia

  9. Antenna Mounting • High-gain antenna sits at the end of a long boom • Two rotating joints, called gimbals, hold antenna to boom • Gimbals will allow the antenna to automatically track and point at the Earth

  10. Future Enhancements http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/array/index.html

  11. Future Enhancements • Cost Analysis • Power • Consumption • Signal • Signal-to-Noise Ratio • Weight • Historically low • Failure Probability • Low Gain Antenna as back-up

  12. Related Skills • Matlab, Fortran 77, UNIX, AutoCAD, C • Currently enrolled in 490E (Satellite Systems) • Two co-op tours with United Space Alliance at Johnson Space Center – uplinking data from the MCC to ISS

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