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Overview of Jewish History

Overview of Jewish History. When did the Exodus happen?. 16 th cent. BCE 13 th cent BCE. A group of Semitic people depicted entering Egypt c.1900 BC. From the tomb of a 12th dynasty official Khnumhotep under pharaoh Senusret II at Beni Hasan. Hyksos (ruled c. 1700-1550 BCE).

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Overview of Jewish History

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  1. Overview of Jewish History

  2. When did the Exodus happen? 16th cent. BCE 13th cent BCE

  3. A group of Semitic people depicted entering Egypt c.1900 BC. From the tomb of a 12th dynasty official Khnumhotep under pharaoh Senusret II at Beni Hasan.

  4. Hyksos (ruled c. 1700-1550 BCE) The Hyksos were Semites who infiltrated Egypt beginning in the 18th cent. BCE and set up capital at Avaris Hyksos king Salitis occupied Memphis (the Egyptian capital) in 1674BCE Controlled Lower Egypt (first the Delta then the whole North) Defeated by Ahmose I in 1550

  5. Hyksos means “foreign rulers” in Egyptian Amulet bearing the name of the Hyksos King Apophis

  6. Statue of Ahmose I (r. ca. 1550-1525 BCE) Son of guy above He defeated the Hyksos Mummy of Seqenenre Tao II, a.k.a. The Brave, began war of liberation against the Hyksos

  7. Pharaoh Ahmose I defeating the Hyksos

  8. Josephus, Contra Apion 1.73 Manetho, in the second book of his Egyptian History, writes concerning us [the Jews] in the following manner. I will set down his very words, as if I were to bring the very man himself into a court for a witness: “…There came, after a surprising manner, men of ignoble birth out of the eastern parts, and had boldness enough to make an expedition into our country and with ease subdued it by force, yet without our hazarding a battle with them.…This whole nation was called Hyksos.…These people…kept possession of Egypt five hundred and eleven years.” After these, he says, "That the kings of Thebais and the other parts of Egypt made an insurrection against the [Hyksos] shepherds, and that there a terrible and long war was made between them." He says further, "That under a king, whose name was Alisphragmuthosis, the [Hyksos] shepherds were subdued by him, and were indeed driven out of other parts of Egypt… “They went away with their whole families and effects, not fewer in number than two hundred and forty thousand, and took their journey from Egypt…. They built a city in that country which is now called Judea, and that large enough to contain this great number of men, and called it Jerusalem…” This is Manetho's account. And evident it is from the number of years by him set down belonging to this interval, if they be summed up together, that these shepherds, as they are here called, who were no other than our forefathers, were delivered out of Egypt, and came thence, and inhabited this country.

  9. Why not the Hyksos? Evidence of destruction and new settlements in Israel only in the 13th cent., not in the 16th cent. “Pitom and Raamses” Pharaohs of Shemot are likely: Seti I (1294-1279BCE) Ramses II (1279-1213BCE) Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE)

  10. Historical context of the biblical story Puts the migration of Jacob’s family to Egypt within the context of a larger movement of Semites moving to Egypt Explains how Joseph could rise to great power and marry an Egyptian noblewoman. He was a Semite just as they were. Explains why Pharaoh was so paranoid about the Israelite nation increasing and joining enemies to conquer the Egyptians.

  11. Events of the First and Second Temples

  12. King David - 1000BCE

  13. Assyrians 10 Northern tribes exiled in 722 BCE Babylonians Destroyed Temple I in 587 Persians Allowed Jews to return in 539BCE Greeks Destroyed Persians in 332BCE Romans Entered Israel in 63BCE destroyed Temple II in 70 CE

  14. From the Last Kings to the Persian Period:Prophecy and Archaeology The Foundations of Jewish Survival 5 Stages of Galut, 5 Stages of Geulah

  15. שבכל דור ודור עומדים עלינו לכלותינו, והקדוש ברוך הוא מצילנו מידם. The Egyptian, the Babylonian, and the Persian rose, filled the planet with sound and splendor, then faded to dream-stuff and passed away; the Greek and the Roman followed; and made a vast noise, and they are gone; other people have sprung up and held their torch high for a time, but it burned out, and they sit in twilight now, or have vanished. The Jew saw them all, beat them all, and is now what he always was, exhibiting no decadence, no infirmities of age, no weakening of his parts, no slowing of his energies, no dulling of his alert and aggressive mind. All things are mortal but the Jew; all other forces pass, but he remains. What is the secret of his immortality?”  - Mark Twain “Concerning The Jews,” Harper’s Magazine, 1899

  16. Babylonian Empire

  17. 5 Stages of GalutStage 1 – Judah becomes a vassal state • Jehoiakim (608-597BCE) • Three years is vassal to Egypt • Changes sides in 605 and Becomes vassal to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia • After 3 more years switches back to Egypt • Nebuchadnezzar attacks and conquers Jerusalem in 597BCE

  18. Babylonian Kings • Nabopolassar (r. 626 – 605) • Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-562) • Amel-Marduk (r. 562-560) • a.k.a אויל מרדך • Nergal-sharezer (r. 560 – 556) • Labashi-Marduk (r. 556) • Nabonidus (r. 556 – 539)

  19. Sources of Chronology • Ptolemy’s Canon • Ptolemy of Alexandria (85-165) • Famous geographer and astronomer • Passed on a canon of kings covering 900 years • Uruk King List • In Baghdad Museum (unless looted in 2003) • Lists kings and years reigned from 647-226

  20. Cuneiform VAT 4956An Astronomical Diary

  21. Absolute Dating From VAT 4956: “Year 37 of Nebuchadnezar, king of Babylon. Month I (the first of which was identical with) the 30th (of the preceding month), the moon became visible behind the Bull of heaven…Saturn was in front of the Swallow…Night of the 3rd, the moon was two cubits if front of…” This accurately describes 568 BCE and no other year.

  22. “Chronology Papers” by W. Dolen “But not only did these tablets report on lunar eclipses, and one planet position with specific dates (month and day), these tablets report on many planet positions. By ascertaining through retro-calculation the position of these planets on certain dates, we narrow the dates down to the exact year in the Christian Era system. “For example the 523-522 BC tablet contains several positions of the planets Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, and Mars during this time period. Jupiter repeats its synodic period every 71 (70.987) or 83 solar years. Venus repeats itself every eight years. Saturn repeats itself every 59 years. And Mars repeats itself every 47 (46.979) years. These four planets will all be in the same position in relation to themselves and the stars on the same solar date approximately every 1,575,064 years.” (vol. 5 p. 112)

  23. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, Book 2 Ch. 6 “The same summer, at the beginning of a new lunar month, the only time by the way at which it appears possible, the sun was eclipsed after noon. After it had assumed the form of a crescent and some of the stars had come out, it returned to its natural shape.” This text describes a lunar eclipse in the first year of the Peloponnesian war = 431BCE

  24. Stage 2 – Exile of Yehoiachin • Yehoiachin 597BCE • Reigns for three months • Captured by Nebuchandezzar in a siege • Imprisoned in Babylonia • Craftsman and elite of Judea is exiled with him • Freed in 562BCE by Amel-Marduk

  25. “8th of his [Nebuchadnezzar’s] reign. “in the 7th year”

  26. עד שיבא הכתוב השלישי ויכריע ביניהם • The Jerusalem Chronicle (ABC 5) A.K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles 11. In the seventh year, the month of Kislîmu, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land,12. and besieged the city of Judah and on the second day of the month of Addaru he seized the city and captured the king. 13. He appointed there a king of his own choice, received its heavy tribute and sent to Babylon.

  27. How to count to 7 • Nebuchadnezzar begins reign in Elul/September 605 = year 0 • Nissan/April 604 – Adar/March 603 = year 1 • Nissan/April 603 – Adar/March 602 = year 2 • Nissan/April 602 – Adar/March 601 = year 3 • Nissan/April 601 – Adar/March 600 = year 4 • Nissan/April 600 – Adar/March 599 = year 5 • Nissan/April 599 – Adar/March 598 = year 6 • Nissan/April 598 – Adar/March 597 = year 7

  28. Theological Significance of Dating Systems מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל יתרו - מס' דבחדש פר א ד"ה בחדש השלישי • בחדש השלישי לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים. מגיד שמונים חדשים ליציאת מצרים, אין לי אלא חדשים, שנים מנין, ת"ל בשנה השנית לצאתם מארץ מצרים; אין לי אלא באותו הפרק, בפרק אחר מנין, ת"ל (במדבר לג:לח) בשנת הארבעים לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים. כל אלו עד שלא נכנסו לארץ, משנכנסו לארץ מנין, ת"ל (מלכים א' ו:א) ויהי בשמונים שנה וארבע מאות שנה לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים. כל אלו עד שלא נבנה הבית, משנבנה הבית מנין [שמונין לבניינו,] ת"ל (דה"ב ח:א) ויהי מקץ עשרים שנה אשר בנה שלמה את בית ה'. • לא רצו למנות לבנינו, ימנו לחורבנו, שנ' (יחזקאל מ א) אחר אשר הוכתה העיר. לא רצו למנות לעצמם, ימנו לאחרים, שנ' (דניאל ב:א) בשנת שתים למלכות נבוכד נצר חלם נבוכד נצר חלומות; ואומר (חגי א:טו) בששי בשנת שתים לדריוש המלך; ואומר (שיר השירים א:ח) אם לא תדעי לך היפה בנשים; ואומר (דברים כח:מז) תחת אשר לא עבדת את ה' אלהיך ועבדת את אויביך.

  29. Stage 3 – Breach of Jerusalem Walls • Zedekiah 597-587 BCE • Placed on throne by Nebuchadnezzar • Rebelled and entered alliance with Egypt • Nebuchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem on 10th of Tevet 589 BCE • Walls are breached in Tamuz 587 BCE • Watched children murdered before being blinded

  30. Mishnah Ta’anit 4:6 • חמשה דברים אירעו את אבותינו בשבעה עשר בתמוז, וחמשה בתשעה באב. בשבעה עשר בתמוז נשתברו הלוחות, ובטל התמיד, והובקעה העיר. ושרף אפוסטמוס את התורה והעמיד צלם בהיכל. • בתשעה באב נגזר על אבותינו שלא יכנסו לארץ, וחרב הבית בראשונה ובשניה, ונלכדה ביתר, ונחרשה העיר.

  31. 17th of Tammuz? Jer 52:6-7 (=2 Kings 25:3-4) By the ninth day of the fourth month, the famine had become acute in the city; there was no food left for the common people. Then [the wall of] the city was breached. All the soldiers fled…

  32. The Bavli’s Answer תלמוד בבלי מסכת תענית דף כח עמוד ב הובקעה העיר בשבעה עשר הוה? והכתיב (ירמיהו נ"ב) בחדש הרביעי בתשעה לחדש ויחזק הרעב בעיר, וכתיב בתריה (ירמיהו נ"ב) ותבקע העיר וגו'! אמר רבא: לא קשיא; כאן בראשונה, כאן בשניה. דתניא: בראשונה הובקעה העיר בתשעה בתמוז, בשניה בשבעה עשר בו.

  33. The Yerushalmi’s Answer ירושלמי מסכת תענית פרק ד דף סח טור ג /ה"ה כתיב בתשעה לחדש הובקעה העיר ואת אמר הכין? אמר ר' תנחום בר חנילאי קילקול חשבונות יש כאן

  34. 5 Stages of Destruction • Stage 1 – Judah becomes a vassal state in 605 BCE • Stage 2 – Exile of Yehoiachin in 597 BCE • Stage 3 – Breach of Jerusalem Walls in 587 BCE • Stage 4 – Beth Hamikdash Destroyed in 587 BCE

  35. Destruction of Temple I 587 BCEby Nebuchadnezzar

  36. “8th of his [Nebuchadnezzar’s] reign. (2 Kings 24:12) “in the 7th year” (Jer 52:28) “On the 10th day of the 5th month in the 19th year…” “18th year” “On the 7th day of the 5th month in the 19th year of King Nebuchadnezzar…”

  37. Bavli Ta’anit 29aResolving the different dates for the Temple’s destruction • חרב הבית בראשונה - דכתיב (מלכים ב' כ"ה) ובחדש החמישי בשבעה לחדש היא שנת תשע עשרה [שנה] למלך נבכדנאצר מלך בבל בא נבוזראדן רב טבחים עבד מלך בבל ירושלם וישרף את בית ה' וגו', וכתיב (ירמיהו נ"ב) ובחדש החמישי בעשור לחדש היא שנת תשע עשרה [שנה] למלך נבוכדנאצר מלך בבל בא נבוזראדן רב טבחים עמד לפני מלך בבל בירושלם וגו'. ותניא: אי אפשר לומר בשבעה - שהרי כבר נאמר בעשור, ואי אפשר לומר בעשור - שהרי כבר נאמר בשבעה. • הא כיצד? בשבעה נכנסו נכרים להיכל, ואכלו וקלקלו בו שביעי שמיני, ותשיעי סמוך לחשיכה הציתו בו את האור, והיה דולק והולך כל היום כולו, שנאמר (ירמיהו ו:ד) אוי לנו כי פנה היום כי ינטו צללי ערב. • והיינו דאמר רבי יוחנן: אלמלי הייתי באותו הדור - לא קבעתיו אלא בעשירי, מפני שרובו של היכל בו נשרף. • ורבנן: אתחלתא דפורענותא עדיפא.

  38. 5 Stages of Destruction • Stage 1 – Judah becomes vassal to Babylonia in 605 BCE • Stage 2 – Exile of Yehoiachin in 597 BCE • Stage 3 – Breach of Jerusalem Walls in 587 BCE • Stage 4 – Beth Hamikdash Destroyed in 587 BCE • Stage 5 – Gedaliah murdered on 1st of Tishre 587 BCE

  39. Stage 1 of RedemptionYehoyachin Freed and Given Daily Allowance And in the thirty-seventh year of the exile of Jehoiachin (562 BCE) king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, Evil-merodach king of Babylon, in the year that he began to reign, graciously freed Jehoiachin king of Judah from prison; and he spoke kindly jto him, and gave him a seat above the seats of the kings who were with him in Babylon. So Jehoiachin put off his prison garments. And every day of his life he dined regularly at the king's table; and for his allowance, a regular allowance was given him by the king, every day a portion, as long as he lived. (2 Kings 25:27-30)

  40. ANET 308 – Lists of Food Deliveries to Important People • 1 ... to Ia-'-u-kin, king ...to the qîpûtu-house of ...... for Shalamiamu, the ...... for 126 men from Tyre ...... for Zabiruam the Ly[dian] ... • 2 10 sila of oil to ... [Ia]-'-kin, king of Ia-[a-hu-du]2½ sila of oil to the [five so]ns of the king of Ia-a-hu-du4 sila to eight men from Ia-a-hu-da-a-a ... • 3 1½ sila for three carpenters from Arvad, ½ sila each11½ sila for eight ditto from Byblus, 1 sila each ...3½ silasila for seven ditto, ½ sila each½ sila for Nabû-êtir the carpenter10 sila to Ia-ku-ú-ki-nu, the son of the king of Ia-ku-du (Yehudah)2½ sila for the five sons of the king of Ia-ku-du through Qana'a

  41. Stage 2 of Redeption – Cyrus Grants Permission to Return and Rebuild in 539 BCE דברי הימים ב פרק לו )כ) וַיֶּגֶל הַשְּׁאֵרִית מִן הַחֶרֶב אֶל בָּבֶל וַיִּהְיוּ לוֹ וּלְבָנָיו לַעֲבָדִים עַד מְלֹךְ מַלְכוּת פָּרָס: (כא) לְמַלֹּאות דְּבַר יְקֹוָק בְּפִי יִרְמְיָהוּ עַד רָצְתָה הָאָרֶץ אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתֶיהָ כָּל יְמֵי הָשַּׁמָּה שָׁבָתָה לְמַלֹּאות שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה: פ (כב) וּבִשְׁנַת אַחַת לְכוֹרֶשׁ מֶלֶךְ פָּרַס לִכְלוֹת דְּבַר יְקֹוָק בְּפִי יִרְמְיָהוּ הֵעִיר יְקֹוָק אֶת רוּחַ כּוֹרֶשׁ מֶלֶךְ פָּרַס וַיַּעֲבֶר קוֹל בְּכָל מַלְכוּתוֹ וְגַם בְּמִכְתָּב לֵאמֹר: ס (כג) כֹּה אָמַר כּוֹרֶשׁ מֶלֶךְ פָּרַס כָּל מַמְלְכוֹת הָאָרֶץ נָתַן לִי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהוּא פָקַד עָלַי לִבְנוֹת לוֹ בַיִת בִּירוּשָׁלִַם אֲשֶׁר בִּיהוּדָה מִי בָכֶם מִכָּל עַמּוֹ יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהָיו עִמּוֹ וְיָעַל:

  42. Cyrus the Great conquers the Babylonians and permits the Jews to return to Israel and rebuilt the Temple • 539BCE

  43. Prophecy of Return • ירמיהו פרק כה:יא-יב וְהָיְתָה כָּל הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת לְחָרְבָּה לְשַׁמָּה וְעָבְדוּ הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה אֶת מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה: וְהָיָה כִמְלֹאות שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה אֶפְקֹד עַל מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל וְעַל הַגּוֹי הַהוּא נְאֻם יְקֹוָק אֶת עֲוֹנָם וְעַל אֶרֶץ כַּשְׂדִּים וְשַׂמְתִּי אֹתוֹ לְשִׁמְמוֹת עוֹלָם: • ירמיהו פרק כט:י כִּי כֹה אָמַר יְקֹוָק כִּי לְפִי מְלֹאת לְבָבֶל שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה אֶפְקֹד אֶתְכֶם וַהֲקִמֹתִי עֲלֵיכֶם אֶת דְּבָרִי הַטּוֹב לְהָשִׁיב אֶתְכֶם אֶל הַמָּקוֹם הַזֶּה:

  44. Paying Back the Loan ויקרא פרק כו (לד) אָז תִּרְצֶה הָאָרֶץ אֶת שַׁבְּתֹתֶיהָ כֹּל יְמֵי הֳשַׁמָּה וְאַתֶּם בְּאֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיכֶם אָז תִּשְׁבַּת הָאָרֶץ וְהִרְצָת אֶת שַׁבְּתֹתֶיהָ: (לה) כָּל יְמֵי הָשַּׁמָּה תִּשְׁבֹּת אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא שָׁבְתָה בְּשַׁבְּתֹתֵיכֶם בְּשִׁבְתְּכֶם עָלֶיהָ:

  45. Cyrus Cylinder • Now in the British Museum

  46. Cyrus Cylinder in British Museum, London

  47. Read this

  48. Cyrus Cylinder • [28-33] By his exalted word, all the kings who sit upon thrones throughout the world, from the Upper Sea to the Lower Sea [i.e., from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf], who live in the districts far-off, the kings of the West, who dwell in tents, all of them, brought their heavy tribute before me and in Babylon they kissed my feet. From Babylon to Aššur and from Susa, Agade, Ešnunna, Zamban, Me-Turnu, Der, as far as the region of Gutium, the sacred centers on the other side of the Tigris, whose sanctuaries had been abandoned for a long time, I returned the images of the gods, who had resided there [i.e., in Babylon], to their places and I let them dwell in eternal abodes. I gathered all their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings. In addition, at the command of Marduk, the great lord, I settled in their habitations, in pleasing abodes, the gods of Sumer and Akkad, whom Nabonidus, to the anger of the lord of the gods, had brought into Babylon. • [34-36] May all the gods whom I settled in their sacred centers ask daily of Bêl and Nâbu that my days be long and may they intercede for my welfare. May they say to Marduk, my lord: "As for Cyrus, the king who reveres you, and Cambyses, his son, [lacuna]." The people of Babylon blessed my kingship, and I settled all the lands in peaceful abodes.

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