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Clinical Psychology

Clinical Psychology. “The official "birth" of clinical psychology can be traced to 1896 when Lighter Witmer opened the first Psychological Clinic in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.” --in 1896 ….Dominic Parrott (2003). Is this a mistake?. WITMER’S CONTRIBUTIONS HE DID START A CLINIC

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Clinical Psychology

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  1. Clinical Psychology “The official "birth" of clinical psychology can be traced to 1896 when Lighter Witmer opened the first Psychological Clinic in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.” --in 1896 ….Dominic Parrott (2003)

  2. Is this a mistake? • WITMER’S CONTRIBUTIONS • HE DID START A CLINIC • HE DID COIN “CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY” • HE DID BEGIN THE JOURNAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC IN 1907 • BY 1914, THERE WERE 26 CLINICS IN THE U.S. • SOME TREATED MENTAL ILLNES • WITMER’S FOCUS-’MENTALLY DEFECTIVE CHILDREN’ • However, Witmer “detested” “psychotherapeutics”!

  3. Early influences (prior to WWII) • German ideal • Assessment-orientation • The clinical ideal • Dissociation and treatment • Psychoanalysis • Founding of The American Association of Clinical Psychology (1917)

  4. After WWII—Theory behind Treatment • Boston School of Psychotherapy (also, “Abnormal Psychology” and “Psychopathology”) • Carl Rogers—client centered therapy (1942) • MMPI published (1943) • DSM-1 published (1952) • John Wolpe and systematic desensitization (1958) • Albert Ellis—RET (1958)

  5. After WWII—Training • VA Hospitals/clinics • Federal funds for training • Formal clinical training programs begin (1946) • Training standards, grad and internship (1947) • Boulder model—guidelines for Ph.D.--scientist-practitioner (1949) • APA provides guidelines for Psy.D. programs—Vail Model—practitioner-scientist model (1973)

  6. After WWII—Practice • VA Hospitals/clinics • Deinstitutionalization in 1970s • Reductions in federal funding • Independence of clinical psychologists • The American Association of Clinical Psychology becomes Div. 12, APA (1945) • Expansion into general medical settings (e.g., health psychology); managed care • APA publishes Code of Ethics, 1953

  7. More Recent Developments • Radical physical treatment • Pharmacological Treatments • Increase in Psy.D.’s • Change in gender distribution • Emphasis on cross-cultural issues • Rx privileges (first, NM, 2002)

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